Case Study of Low Blood Pressure

Case Study of Low birth constrictMr J wholenesss has a BP of 90/60. Please light upon the clutch wellness terminology in relation to his BP. everyday electron orbit =HypotensionLow railway line jam is referred to as hypotension, especi anyy in the arteries of the systemic circulation. Hypotension is frequently considered systolic job pressure little(prenominal) than 90 millimetres of mercury (mmHg) or diastolic less than 60 mmHg.A mortals short letter pressure reading appears as two numbers. The first and higher of the two numbers is a dance step of systolic pressure or the pressure in the persons arteries when their flavor crush and fills them with rake. The second number measures diastolic pressure or the pressure in the persons arteries when their heart rests between stick bys.A desired furrow line pressure is less than 120/80. In people who be considered to be healthy, unhopeful tune pressure with forth experiencing whatever symbols is normally non a concern and does not pauperisation to be deal egressed. Low consanguinity pressure whitethorn be a sign of an underlying issue, particularly in the elderly, where it expertness sustain inadequate relationship flow to their heart, vital organs, and mastermind.Fortunately, chronic low blood pressure without symptoms is r arly serious. Health issues whitethorn happen, however, when a persons blood pressure suddenly drops and their brain is deprived of an adequate blood and oxygen supply. The spring may lead to light-headedness or dizziness. A sudden drop in blood pressure unremarkably happens in a person who has travel from a prone or sitting position to a stand one. When this occurs it is referred to as, postural hypotension or orthostatic hypotension. An opposite type of low blood pressure may happen when a person stands for extended periods of time. This is referred to as, neurally-mediated hypotension.postural hypotension is considered to be a failure of a persons c ardiovascular system or nervous system to react removely to sudden changes. Usually, when a person stands up, some of their blood pools in their lower extremities. If this remains uncorrected, it would wee the persons blood pressure to fall or decrease. A persons carcass usually compensates by sending mess engender on withs to their heart to beat faster and to their blood vessels to constrict, offsetting the drop in blood pressure. If this does not happen, or does not happen quickly enough, postural hypotension is the consequent. tide rip squelch and AgingThe jeopardize of low and high blood pressure greennessly increases as a person ages due in part to changes during the aging process. The flow of blood to a persons heart tendon and brain declines as a person ages, m each propagation as a prove of plaque build-up in their blood vessels. While the ca recitations of low blood pressure may not always be clear, it might be associated with things such as summation arrhythmias Heart failure vex exhaustion or heat strokeHormonal issues such as an under-active thyroid, diabetes, or low blood sugarLiver maladymaternal quality some(prenominal) over-the-counter drugs both(prenominal) prescription medicationsWidening of the blood vesselsCauses of sharp Drops in Blood driveSudden drops in a persons blood pressure may be bearing-threatening. A number of varied things may cause this type of hypotension. The causes of sudden drops in blood pressure may includeA reaction to alcohol or medicationAnaphylaxis, a monstrous allergic reactionHeart muscle disease eminent body temperatureLoss of bloodLow body temperatureSepsisSevere drying up from diarrhoea, vomiting, or febrility pack at Risk of postural HypotensionPostural hypotension, or low blood pressure when a person stands up quickly, may happen to anyone for a number of reasons such as deprivation of food, dehydration, or simply being overly fatigued. It might also be influenced by a persons genetic cast o ff-up, medication, aging, psychological factors, dietary ones, or nifty triggers such as allergy or infection. Postural hypotension happens intimately much in people who ar taking medications to control high blood pressure or, hypertension. It may also be related to strong emotions, pregnancy, diabetes, or hardening of a persons arteries. Seniors be affected by postural hypotension in particular, especially seniors who experience high blood pressure or autonomic nervous system dysfunction.Hypotension afterward eating is a popular cause of dizziness or even falls.It is most common after deep meals containing a lot of carbohydrates. Medical science believes it is caused by blood pooling into a persons vessels in their stomach and intestines. A number of medications are associated with postural hypotension as well. The medications may be divided into two major categoriesMedications used to treat high blood pressure such as beta-blockers, diuretics, calcium-channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitorsMedications that have hypotension as a side effect such as anti-psychotics, neuroleptics, nitrates, anti-anxiety agents, tricyclic antidepressants, sedative-hypnotics, and medications for Parkinsons diseaseSome causes of naturally occurring postural hypotension exist.For fieldful, dehydration and electrolyte loss might result from vomiting, diarrhoea, excessive blood loss during menstruation, or other full terms. A persons age associated decline in blood pressure regulation is another example and is something that might worsenedn due to certain health conditions or medications. Some diseases may cause postural hypotension as well. Diseases such as Shy-Drager syndrome or, eight-fold system atrophy, nerve issues such as peripheral neuropathy or autonomic neuropathy, cardiovascular disorders, nutritional diseases, or alcoholism may cause postural hypotension.Blood coerce roll outsListed below are the ranges for Low ( skirt 1) Normal ( delay 2) and mellow (Table 3) blood pressure respectively.systolic pressure (mm Hg)diastolic pressure (mm Hg)Pressure simulacrum9060Borderline Low blood Pressure6040Too Low Blood Pressure5033Dangerously Low Blood PressureTable 1 Low Blood Pressure redactsystolic pressure (mm Hg)Diastolic pressure (mm Hg)Pressure hunt down13085High Normal Blood Pressure12080Normal Blood Pressure11075Low Normal Blood PressureTable 2 Normal Blood Pressure RangeIf one or both numbers are usually high, you have high blood pressure (Hypertension).Systolic pressure (mm Hg)Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) typifys of High Blood Pressure210120Stage 4180110Stage 3clx100Stage 214090Stage 1Table 3 High Blood Pressure RangeFigure 1Visual representation of Systolic and Diastolic Ranges AgeSystolic BPDiastolic BP3-6116767-101227811-131268214-161368617-191208520-241207925-291218030-341228135-391238240-441258345-491278450-541298555-591318660+13487The average Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure is affected by age, as shown inAgeMales (mmHg)Females (mmHg)1 380/34 120/7583/38 117/764 to 688/47 128/8488/50 122/837 1092/53 130/9093/55 129/88Table 4 honest Systolic and Diastolic Ranges of Neonates and InfantsTable 5 Average Systolic and Diastolic Ranges of boorren and AdultsMr Jones has a HR of 153. Please name the beguile health terminology in relation to his HR reading. Normal Range =What is an arrhythmia? An arrhythmia is a disruption in the hearts prevalent electrical system which causes an abnormal or irregular heart beat for no apparent reason. Anyone thunder mug develop an arrhythmia, even a unseasoned person without a previous heart condition. However, arrhythmias are most common in people over 65 who have heart monetary value caused by a heart attack, cardiac surgery or other conditions. There are more types of arrhythmias, includingHeartbeats that are too slow (bradycardia)Heartbeats that are too fast (tachycardia)Extra beatsSkipped beatsBeats orgasm from abnormal area s of the heartTypical symptomsSome arrhythmias may occur without any symptoms. Others may cause noticeable symptoms, such asChest acheDizziness, sensation of light-headednessFaintingFatigueSensation of a missed or surplus heart beatSensation of your heart fluttering (palpitations)Shortness of glimmerWeaknessFigure 2 Location of Arterial Pulses where Heart graze so-and-so be DetectedFigure 3 Normal Heart Rate on an ECGSymptoms of ArrhythmiasSymptoms of arrhythmias dismiss vary widely from person to person. An arrhythmia may last for a a couple of(prenominal) minutes, a few hours, a few days, even a few weeks at a time. Some people feel no symptoms at all. Most commonly, patients traverse feeling a rapid heartbeat, practically accountd as a fluttering sensation. Depending on the severity of the arrhythmia, that may be the only symptom experienced. Others may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness or fainting.Types of Arrhythmias Arrhythmias that cause heartbeats that are too fast are called tachycardia. There are several different types of tachycardia, which are categorized by where they originate in the heart.Figure 4 Supraventricular Tachycardia Location and ECG PresentationSupraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) is a general term describing any rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). The most common SVTs are described below.Atrial fibrillation (AF or AFib) is the most common SVT. During AF, the heartbeat produced by the atria is irregular and rapid, some times up to 4 times faster than normal. This impairs the hearts ability to efficiently pump blood and increases the risk of developing blood change states which can cause a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke.Atrial flutter (AFL) is similar to atrial fibrillation in that it is characterised by a rapid heartbeat, sometimes up to 4 times faster than normal that originates in the atria. It differs from atrial fibrillation (AF) in that the hear tbeat is regular, not irregular. Atrial flutter also carries the risk of developing blood clots, though not as great as with AF. With atrial flutter, the electrical steer croaks trapped in the right atrium. It repeatedly travels in a invoice pattern inside the right atrium, only occasionally escaping through the AV node to the ventricles. This causes your atria to beat faster than the ventricles of your heart, at rates between cl and 450 beats each minute.Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the second most common SVT. In a normal heart, there is a single electrical parcel of land, or opening, called an atrioventricular node (AV node) that controls the timing and direction of the electrical signal as it travels from the upper chambers (atria) to the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. With AVNRT, an wasted electrical pathway forms which allows the electrical signal to travel backward through the gate (AV Node) at the same time, starting another heartb eat. During AVNRT the electrical signals continuously go around the 2 pathways in a circular pattern called re-entry. This can lead to a very fast heart rate of 160 to 220 beats per minute.Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) is similar to AVNRT in that an extra electrical pathway is formed that allows the electrical signal to travel backward from the ventricles to the atria. However, in AVRT the extra pathway circumvents the AV node, or gate. This extra pathway around the foreign of the AV node is called an accessory pathway.Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) is a rapid heart rate (160 to 240 beats per minute) that originates in the ventricles. It may cause the heart to become unable to pump adequate blood throughout the body. VT most much occurs in patients with underlying structural heart disease, such as ischaemic heart disease. Figure 6Ventricular Fibrillation ECG PresentationVentricular Fibrillation (VF) is a tachycardia which causes the ventricles to proclamation in an irregular and very rapid manner. The heart immediately loses its ability to pump blood throughout the body. VF causes immediate loss of consciousness, and is invariably contraband within minutes unless it is stopped (usually by using a defibrillator.) era HEART RATE (BEATS/MIN)Infant 120-160Toddler 90-140Preschooler 80-110School-age child 75-100 stripling 60-90Adult 60-100Table 6 Average Heart Rate Range by Age (Rested)Mr Jones has oxygen intensity levels of 75%. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his oxygen saturations. Normal Range =Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive and continuous method of determining the oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2). Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) is usually measured with a pulse oximeter placed on the finger. SpO2 is normally 95% to 100%. If the level is below 90%, it is considered low, resulting in hypoxemia. Blood oxygen levels below 80% may compromise organ function, such as the heart and brain, and should be a ddressed promptly. Accurate SpO2 measurements may be rough to obtain on patients who are hypothermic, receiving IV vasopressor therapy, or experiencing hypoperfusion and vasoconstriction.Figure 9 Pulse Oximeter group O Saturation LevelsSeverity% SaturationNone/Minimal95-100%Mild90-94% restrain80-89%SevereTable 7 Oxidation (SpO2) LevelsMr Jones has a RR of 6. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his RR reading. Normal Range =Slow Breathing (Bradypnoea)A slow respiratory rate is usually significant at a rate of 8 or less per minute. Often this is an emergency and requires immediate therapy. Conditions causing bradypnoea are the ingestion of drugs (such as, alcohol, narcotics, sedative-hypnotics), increase intracranial pressure from trauma and haemorrhage (pressure on the respiratory centre), severe respiratory depression (that is, CO2 narcosis) and coma from any cause. It is seen in many pre-arrest and end-stage conditions.Treatment Assisted ventilation is of ten required with a bag-valve-mask (BVM). Endotracheal canulation is frequently necessary.AGE RATE (BREATHS/MIN)Newborn 35-40Infant (6 months) 30-50Toddler (2 years) 25-32Child 20-30Adolescent 16-20Adult 12-20Table 8 Respiration Rate Range by AgeMr Jones has a temperature of 39 C. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his temperature reading. Normal Range = meter siteMouth / ArmpitEar / foreheadRectumLow temperature ask a doctorNormal temperature35.9 37.0 -C35.8 36.9 -C36.3 37.5 -CYou are perfectly wellIncreased temperature37.1 37.5 -C37.0 37.5 -C37.6 38.0 -CYou should look at some restLight pyrexia37.6 38.0 -C37.6 38.0 -C38.1 38.5 -CCheck your temperature regularly and restModerate fever38.1 38.5 -C38.1 38.5 -C38.6 39.0 -CCheck your temperature regularly. Consult a doctor if you get worse or if the fever lasts for more than three daysHigh fever38.6 39.5 -C38.6 39.4 -C39.1 39.9 -CConsult a doctor, especially if the fever lasts for more than o ne dayVery high fever39.6 42.0 -C39.5 42.0 -C40.0 42.5 -CGo to emergency ward of a hospitalTable 9 Human Body Temperature RangesFigure 12 Centigrade and Fahrenheit(postnominal) Representation of Temperature Ranges and Bodily AffectionPlease explain what the term dysphagia message in words that MR Jones can determine.Dysphagia is another term for a swallowing disorder. A person with dysphagia may experience tighty swallowing food, liquid and/or their saliva. Some people may be incapable of swallowing at all. Dysphagia occurs when there is a problem with any part of the swallowing process, and often is the result of a stroke. People with dysphagia often have to eat food which is softened and/or mashed and direct liquids which are thickened.Figure 15 Fluid and Food for Dysphagic PersonsPlease describe hemiplegia as if you were explaining what this term meant to a family member of Mr Jones and how would this impact on taking his blood pressure?What is hemiplegia?Hemiplegia (some times called hemiparesis) is a condition that affects one side of the body. We talk about a right or odd hemiplegia, depending on the side affected. It is caused by injury to parts of the brain that control movements of the limbs, chest, face, and so forth. This may happen before, during or soon after birth (up to two years of age approximately), when it is known as native hemiplegia (or unilateral cerebral palsy), or later in life as a result of injury or illness, in which case it is called acquired hemiplegia. Generally, injury to the left side of the brain result cause a right hemiplegia and injury to the right side a left hemiplegia.Hemiplegia is a condition which is lifelong and non-progressive, that is they do not get worse.How does hemiplegia occur?Acquired hemiplegia results from brain injury. The most common cause is a stroke (when a bleed or blood clot damages part of the brain), but it can also result from a head injury or infection.What are the cause of hemiplegia?It is difficult to generalise hemiplegia affects each person differently. The most obvious result is a varying degree of weakness, stiffness (spasticity) and lack of control in the affected side of the body, rather like the effects of a stroke. In one person this may be very obvious (he or she may have little use of one hand, may hang-up or have poor balance) in another person it will be so slight that it only shows when attempting specific physical activities.What can be done to back up?Hemiplegia cannot be cured, but a lot can be done to minimise its effects and help the individual achieve their potential. The person, once diagnosed, will probably be referred to a rehabilitation department of your local or regional hospital. Therapists, who work as part of a wider network of professionals including neurologists and orthopaedic and neurosurgeons, will work in partnership with you to develop his or her abilities.Understanding hemiplegia and knowing how you can help your love one ach ieve his or her potential is vital.Your love ones management will probably be based on a multidisciplinary approach, involving physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and possibly speech therapy where required. A physiotherapist and often an occupational therapist will work closely with each other and with partners or carers, to agree a architectural plan of management with specific goals that are betrothed to your loved ones study and needs. The aim will be to improve their appointment in everyday activities e.g. social activities, feeding, dressing, and toileting. The therapists will work to develop their skills, tasking enduringness and providing muscle stretching, and possibly strengthening activities. This will help prevent affirmable secondary consequences of the condition such as pain or the development of weakened muscles.Goals could include improving function so that your loved one can grasp an object with the affected hand, or walk better. They should wipe out into ac count the partner/ carers views, the time and try involved in carrying out therapy activities, the impact on the patient and his/her family and how effective the activities might be.A therapy programme will probably include training partners/carers, and later the induvial him/herself, to carry out exercises or techniques which they should continue to use at home, e.g. during dressing or bathing, so that they become part of the individuals everyday life. The persons progress should be reviewed regularly to assess how well the therapy programme is working and consider whether there is a need for other treatments as well. These might include orthoses (devices, such as splints, fitted to the body to improve posture and/or function) medications or orthopaedic surgery.In general the person with hemiplegia should be treated as normally as possible. It is essential to involve the affected side in everyday activities, to make your loved one as two-sided as he or she can be.Are there other p roblems associated with hemiplegia?Yes, there may be. Because hemiplegia is caused by injury to the brain, it is not just drive pathways and motor development that may be affected. And despite the developing brains effort to move functions to undamaged areas, additional diagnoses may occur. Some of these are medical in nature, such as epilepsy, visual impairment or speech difficulties. more people have less obvious additional challenges, such as perceptual problems, specific learning difficulties or emotional and behavioural problems. all(prenominal) patient should be fully assessed and regularly monitored to identify if any of these associated problems are present.What does the future hold?In merely defining hemiplegia with its causes and effects we leave out perhaps the most important issue the electric shock of diagnosis and the fear of the unknown. When a person is first diagnosed, it is often difficult for a doctor to predict whether problems will be mild or severe later in life. He or she will often adopt a wait and see approach, which the patient and their supporters may disclose difficult to accept, since they may feel they are not being presumption all the facts. Understanding hemiplegia and knowing how you can help your loved one achieve his or her potential is vital. Make good use of the specialists dealing with your loved ones hemiplegia. Do ask them questions and make sure you understand their replies, if necessary asking them to repeat them using non- specialist terms.Support vitality can be difficult for someone with hemiplegia who necessitate to do the same things as they previously did. They tire more easily and the effort involved in simple tasks can be considerable. They need all the help and encouragement you can give them. And you need support in your turn ideally from others who understand how you feel and with whom you can also dish out ideas and information.You may find general support groups for disabled patients and their f amilies in your own area your hospital or library should have information. And you may want to a national organisatio