Phil .Literature Essay

Filipino literary production during the the Statesn end in the Philippines was spurred by both significant developments in teaching and glossiness. unitary is the introduction of free public instruction for all(a) children of initiate mount and two, the use of position as medium of instruction in all levels of education in public schools. Free public education make knowledge and in sortation accessible to a greater number of Philippines. Those who availed of this education through college were able to improve their social status and joined a good number of educated masses who became part of the countrys middle class.The use of face as medium of instruction introduced Filipinos to Anglo-American modes of thought, culture and life ways that would be embedded non only in the publications turnd but in addition in the psyche of the countrys educated class. It was this educated class that would be the wellspring of a vibrant Philippine literary works in side. Philippine lite rature in side, as a direct result of American colonization of the country, could not burst forth being imitative of American models of constitution especially during its finale of apprenticeship.The meter written by early poets manifested studied attempts at versification as in the following poem which is proof of the poets rather elementary play in the English dustup Vacation days at tolerate are here, And we have time for fun so dear, All boys and girls do gladly cheer, This welcomed sea boy of the year. In early June in school well tint A harder task shall we complete And if we fail we must repeat That self-importance same task without retreat. We simply rest to come again To school where boys and girls obtain The Creators gift to men Whose sanguine hopes in us remain. Vacation means a time for playFor teenage and old in night and day My wish for all is to be gay, And evil none have you astray- Juan F. Salazar Philippines Free Press, May 9, 1909 The poem was anthologi zed in the first collection of poem in English, Filipino Poetry, edited by Rodolfo Dato (1909 1924). Among the poets featured in this anthology were Proceso Sebastian Maximo Kalaw, Fernando Maramag, Leopoldo Uichanco, Jose Ledesma, Vicente Callao, Santiago Sevilla, Bernardo Garcia, Francisco Africa, Pablo Anzures, Carlos P. Romulo, Francisco Tonogbanua, Juan Pastrana, Maria Agoncillo, Paz Marquez Benitez, Luis Dato and many opposites.Another anthology, The English German Anthology of Poetsedited by Pablo Laslo was published and covered poets published from 1924-1934 among whom were Teofilo D. Agcaoili, Aurelio Alvero, Horacio de la Costa, Amador T. Daguio, Salvador P. Lopez, Angela Manalang Gloria, Trinidad Tarrosa, Abelardo Subido and Jose Garcia Villa, among others. A third pre-war collection of poetry was edited by Carlos Bulosan, Chorus for America Six Philippine Poets. The six poets in this collection were Jose Garcia Villa, Rafael Zulueta da Costa, Rodrigo T. Feria, C. B. Rigor, Cecilio Baroga and Carlos Bulosan.In fiction, the period of apprenticeship in literary writing in English is label by imitation of the style of spirit level revealing and strict adherence to the craft of the concisely fiction as practiced by popular American fictionists. early(a) short story writers in English were often dubbed as the Andersons or Saroyans or the Hemingways of Philippine letters. Leopoldo Yabes in his study of the Philippine short story in English from 1925 to 1955 points to these models of American fiction exerting profound influence on the early writings of story writers like Francisco Arcellana, A.E. Litiatco, Paz Latorena. . When the University of the Philippines was founded in 1908, an elite convention of writers in English began to exert influence among the culturati. The U. P. Writers Club founded in 1926, had express that one of its aims was to enhance and propagate the wrangle of Shakespeare. In 1925, Paz Marquez Benitez short story, un ap ply Stars was published and was made the landmark of the maturity of the Filipino writer in English. Soon after Benitez, short story writers began publishing stories no thirster imitative of American models.Thus, story writers like Icasiano Calalang, A. E. Litiatco, Arturo Rotor, Lydia Villanueva, Paz Latorena , Manuel Arguilla began publishing stories manifesting both delicate use of the language and a keen Filipino sensibility. This combi domain of writing in a borrowed tongue plot of land dwelling on Filipino customs and traditions earmarked the literary output of major Filipino fictionists in English during the American period. Thus, the major novels of the period, such as the Filipino Rebel, by Maximo Kalaw, and His native Australian Soil by Juan C.Laya, are discourses on cultural identity, nationhood and being Filipino done in the English language. Stories such as How My Brother Leon Brought habitation a Wife by Manuel Arguilla scanned the scenery as well as the folkways of Ilocandia while N. V. M. Gonzaless novels and stories such as Children of the Ash Covered Loam, toast the panorama of Mindoro, in all its customs and traditions while configuring its characters in the military personnel dilemma of nostalgia and poverty.Apart from Arguilla and Gonzales, noted fictionists during the period included Francisco Arcellana, whom Jose Garcia Villa lauded as a genius storyteller, Consorcio Borje, Aida Rivera, Conrado Pedroche, Amador Daguio, Sinai Hamada, Hernando Ocampo, Fernando Maria Guerrero. Jose Garcia Villa himself wrote several short stories but devoted approximately of his time to poetry. In 1936, when the Philippine Writers League was organized, Filipino writers in English began discussing the value of literature in society. Initiated and led by Salvador P.Lopez, whose acts on Literature and Societyprovoked takes, the discussion centered on proletarian literature, i. e. , engaged or move literature versus the art for arts sake literary orie ntation. save this discussion curiously left out the issue of colonialism and colonial literature and the whole place of literary writing in English low a colonial set-up that was the Philippines then. With Salvador P. Lopez, the essay in English gained the upper fall in in day to day discourse on politics and governance. Polemicists who used to write in Spanish like Claro M.Recto, slowly started using English in the discussion of current events even as newspaper dailies go away from Spanish reporting into English. Among the essayists, Federico Mangahas had an easy facility with the language and the essay as genre. Other noted essayists during the period were Fernando Maramag, Carlos P. Romulo , Conrado Ramirez. On the other hand, the florescence of a vibrant literary tradition due to historical events did not altogether hamper literary production in the native or indigenous languages.In fact, the early period of the twentieth century was unusual for the significant literary o utput of all major languages in the mixed literary genre. It was during the early American period that seditious plays, using the form of the zarsuwela, were mounted. Zarsuwelistas Juan Abad, Aurelio Tolentino ,Juan Matapang Cruz. Juan Crisostomo Sotto mounted the classics like Tanikalang Ginto, Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas and Hindi Ako Patay, all directed against the American imperialists. Patricio Marianos Anak ng Dagat and Severino Reyess Walang Sugat are equally remarkable zarsuwelas present during the period.On the eve of World War II, Wilfredo Maria Guerrero would gain command in field of battle through his one-act plays which he toured through his mobile theatre. Thus, Wanted a Chaperone and The Forsaken Housebecame very popular in campuses end-to-end the archipelago. The novel in Tagalog, Iloko, Hiligaynon and Sugbuanon also developed during the period aided for the approximately part by the steady publication of weekly magazines like the Liwayway, Bannawag and Bisaya whi ch serialized the novels. Among the early Tagalog novelists of the 20th century were Ishmael Amado, Valeriano Hernandez Pena, Faustino Aguilar, Lope K.Santos and Lazaro Francisco. Ishmael Amados Bulalakaw ng Pag-asa published in 1909 was one of the earliest novels that dealt with the makeup of American imperialism in the Philippines. The novel, however, was not released from the printing press until 1916, at which time, the author, by his own admission and after having been sent as a pensionado to the U. S. , had other ideas apart from those he wrote in the novel. Valeriano Hernandez Penas Nena at Neneng narrates the story of two women who happened to be best of friends as they cope with their relationships with the men in their lives.Nena succeeds in her married life while Neneng suffers from a stormy marriage because of her jealous husband. Faustino Aguilar published Pinaglahuan, a complete triangle set in the early years of the century when the actors movement was being organi ze. The novels hero, Luis Gatbuhay, is a histrion in a printery who isimprisoned for a false accusation and loses his have intercourse, Danding, to his rival Rojalde, son of a wealthy capitalist. Lope K. Santos, Banaag at Sikat has almost the same theme and motif as the hero of the novel, Delfin, also falls in sock with a rich woman, daughter of a wealthy landlord.The love story of course is set also within the background of development of the thespians trade union movement and throughout the novel, Santos engages the readers in drawn-out treatises and discourses on socialism and capitalism. Many other Tagalog novelists wrote on variations of the same theme, i. e. , the interplay of fate, love and social justice. Among these writers are Inigo Ed Regalado, Roman Reyes, Fausto J. Galauran, Susana de Guzman, Rosario de Guzman-Lingat, Lazaro Francisco, Hilaria Labog, Rosalia Aguinaldo, Amado V. Hernandez.Many of these writers were able to produce three or more novels as Soledad Rey es would bear out in her book which is the result of her dissertation, Ang Nobelang Tagalog (1979). Among the Iloko writers, noted novelists were Leon Pichay, who was also the regions poet honourable then, Hermogenes Belen, and Mena Pecson Crisologo whose Mining wenno Ayat ti Kararwa is considered to be the Iloko version of a Noli me Tangere. In the Visayas, Magdalena Jalandoni and Ramon Muzones would lead most writers in writing the novels that dwelt on the themes of love, courtship, life in the farmlands, and other social upheavals of the period.Marcel Navarra wrote stories and novels in Sugbuhanon. Poetry in all languages proceed to flourish in all regions of the country during the American period. The Tagalogs, hailing Francisco F. Balagtas as the nations foremost poet invented the balagtasan in his revere. Thebalagtasan is a debate in verse, a poetical joust done almost spontaneously between protagonists who debate over the pros and cons of an issue. The first balagtasan was held in March 1924 at the Instituto de Mujeres, with Jose Corazon de Jesus and Florentino Collantes as rivals, bubuyog (bee) and paru-paro (butterfly) aiming for the love of kampupot (jasmine).It was during this balagtasan that Jose Corazon de Jesus, known as Huseng Batute, emerged triumphant to become the first world power of the Balagtasan. Jose Corazon de Jesus was the finest master of the genre. He was later followed by balagtasistas, Emilio Mar Antonio and Crescenciano Marquez, who also became King of the Balagtasan in their own time. As Huseng Batute, de Jesus also produced the finest poems and lyrics during the period. His debates with Amado V. Hernandez on the political issue of independence from America and nationhood were mostly done in verse and are testament to the vitality of Tagalog poetry during the era.Lope K. Santos, desperate poem, Ang Panggingera is also proof of how poets of the period have come to master the language to be able to translate it into effective poetry. The balagtasan would be echoed as a poetical fiesta and would be duplicated in the Ilocos as thebukanegan, in honor of Pedro Bukaneg, the supposed transcriber of the epic, Biag ni Lam-ang and theCrissottan, in Pampanga, in honor of the regard poet of the Pampango, Juan Crisostomo Sotto. In 1932, Alejandro G. Abadilla , armed with new criticism and an orientation on modernist poetry would taunt traditional Tagalog poetics with the publication of his poem, Ako ang Daigdig. Abadillas poetry began the era of modernism in Tagalog poetry, a departure from the traditional rhymed, measured and orally recited poems. Modernist poetry which utilized free or blank verses was intended more for slow reading than oral delivery. Noted poets in Tagalog during the American period were Julian Cruz Balmaceda, Florentino Collantes, Pedro Gatmaitan, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Benigno Ramos, Inigo Ed. Regalado, Ildefonso Santos, Lope K. Santos, Aniceto Silvestre, Emilio Mar.Antonio, Alejand ro Abadilla and Teodoro Agoncillo. Like the writers in English who formed themselves into organizations, Tagalog writers also formed the Ilaw at Panitik, and held discussions and workshops on the value of literature in society. Benigno Ramos, was one of the most politicized poets of the period as he aligned himself with the peasants of the Sakdal Movement. Fiction in Tagalog as well as in the other languages of the regions developed alongside the novel. roughly fictionists are also novelists.Brigido Batungbakal , Macario Pineda and other writers chose to dwell on the vicissitudes of life in a changing rural landscape. Deogracias Del Rosario on the other hand, chose the city and the emerge social elite as subjects of his stories. He is considered the father of the modern short story in Tagalog Among the more popular fictionists who emerged during the period are two women writers, Liwayway Arceo and Genoveva Edroza Matute, considered forerunners in the use of light fiction, a kind o f story telling that uses language through poignant rendition.Genoveva Edroza Matutes Akoy Isang Tinig and Liwayway Arceos Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa have been used as models of fine writing in Filipino by teachers of composition throughout the school system. Teodoro Agoncillos anthology 25 Pinakamahusay na Maiikling Kuwento (1945) included the foremost writers of fiction in the pre-war era.The separate, yet parallel developments of Philippine literature in English and those in Tagalog and other languages of the archipelago during the American period only prove that literature and writing in whatever language and in whatever climate are able to survive in general through the active imagination of writers. Apparently, what was lacking during the period was for the writers in the sundry(a) languages to come together, share experiences and come to a conclusion on the elements that identify good writing in the Philippines.