New Weapons that Changed the Way of the Samurai

sweet implements that changed the way of the samurai A Samurai Sword symbolizes and means the Samurais prestige and his skills in battle. It is a measure of his stature in society. To all samurai its their prize self-possession and it is worn proudly by its subdue until the teppo was introduced. The samurai considered it as dishonorable to tradition. This changed the way samurai disturb and changed their view to samurai blades. The teppo is an caseful of a weapon that changed the way of samurai it was introduced in the 16 degree Celsius in lacquer through Lusitanian trade.They were easy to use and deadly. The teppo were produced on a large scale by japanese gunsmiths since introduced. By the destination of the 16th century, on that point were more than than firearms any European nation. pic ( impression of the traditional weapons used by the samurai ahead guns were introduced) The Battle of Nagashino is a with child(p) mannikin of a turning point mingled with sw ords and guns. Oda Nobunaga made deadly use of the teppo at the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, leading to the end of the famous Takeda clan. Guns can wipe bring out a whole clan in just single and only(a) battle. It was considered in truth deadly.In the video The Last Samurai it strongly re easys to the concept of guns winning over traditional samurai swords and guns destroying loyal samurai clans. The films plot of land is loosely based on the 1877 satsuma Rebellion led by Saigo Takamori, and besides on the story of Jules Brunet, a cut phalanx captain who fought alongside Enomoto Takeaki in the Boshin War. It also gives an enhanced and better ground of how these weapons can be deadly to the traditions of the samurai and the changes that be happening when these weapons atomic number 18 introduced. Introducing these weapons to the samurai was a demerit that the Portuguese made.The samurai would gift been better without the guns and weapons that were introduced by foreign ers. Samurai teachings can still be bring to sidereal twenty-four hour period in modern day society with the martial art Kendo, core the way of the sword. Samurai Raid a JapaneseVillage The lonely village on the Far East side of Japan encountered a group of reprehensible samurai sound week that attacked the tiny village. Many possessions squander been stolen from these poor villagers. These villagers were brutally beaten with a bamboo sticks in order to entertain these vicious fighters. They were left with bruises, body aches and pain sensations.The villagers are baseless and wish for strike back on these fighters. pic (A picture drawn by one of the topical anesthetic villagers on what they saw and suffered in the raid ) The Chief of the village has announce a public meeting with the topical anesthetic villagers to address the actions that need to be interpreted in order to receive r howeverge on the people that brought terror and pain in the incident that has occurred last week. We interviewed one of the local villagers he state he confused all his gold plates that were passed shoot from past generations and were meant to be past passel to future generations he cannot fulfil his ancestors wishes.He is very disappointed and angry for his spillage. The villagers suffered a great loss. They have little left, not even enough to feed a family for more than one week. The villagers were suffering with aliment loss earlier the raid only when promptly they have to suffer even more. untrue samurai swords are being sold to the public.. mind Yesterday morning when merchants come and treat their goods a piece of music in his late 20s spotted samurai swords for sale. He asked the merchant the price of the swords. The merchant told the creation he would sell the sword to the man for only ? 1,000.The man thought he was very lucky and immediately bought the sword. He took the sword home happily. pic (the image of the sword the man bought for ? 1,0 00) When he got home he realised the sword was a fashion because it didnt have the sharpness a true sword would have. He was very angry and decided to go and anticipate the merchant. When he arrived at the same backside he got the sword, the merchant was promptlyhere to be seen. The man was very disappointed that he wasted ? 1,000 on a fraudulence sword. He notified the local guards they are still searching for the merchant.The Merchant was wearing a blur robe, has a long moody beard and a scar on his right cheek. If you think you have pitch the merchant please displace the local guard. Samurai to hold meeting for the production of actor samurai swords As you know about the bind about a man purchase a samurai sword the other day and found it was a fake. It has been announced by the chief samurai that there would be a meeting with all the daimyos and discuss the action that need to be interpreted to catch the merchant that was selling this sinful swords to poor villagers . We interviewed the man and he said I am so halcyon that the samurai are following this merchant that has taken my money in return of a piece of metal that is useless to me So please if you have any development on this suspicious merchant, please notify your local guard. Nitobe was not the first per word of honor to document Japanese chivalry in this way According to the Japanese lexicon Shogakukan Kokugo Daijiten, Bushido is defined as a uncomparable philosophy (ronri) that spread through the warrior crystalise from the Muromachi (chusei) period. In Bushido The Soul of Japan (1899), germ Nitobe Inazo wrote Bushido, then, is the code of moral principles which the samurai were required or instructed to observe More frequently it is a code unuttered and un written It was an infixed growth of decades and centuries of military career. According to the editors of Monumenta Nipponica, Tens of thousands of documents live on from the medieval period Only a few have been trans lated into English, or are kindredly ever to appear in translation. One of the oldest English-language academic journals in the field of operations of Asian studies, much of Dr.Steenstrups significant findings were written for Monumenta Nipponica. In his text Feudal and youthful Japan (1896) Historian Arthur May Knapp wrote The samurai of xxx years ago had behind him a thousand years of training in the law of honor, obedience, duty, and self-sacrifice.. It was not demand to create or establish them. As a child he had but to be instructed, as indeed he was from his earlier years, in the etiquette of self-immolation. The fine brain of honor demanding it was in the very root Translation of documents related to bushido began in the mid-seventies with Dr.Carl Steenstrup, who per carcassed a lifetime of research into the respectable codes of famous Samurai clans including Hojo Soun and Imagawa Ryoshun. Steenstrups 1977 dissertation at Harvard University was entitle Hojo Shigeto ki (11981261) and his Role in the History of policy-making and Ethical Ideas in Japan. The stylings of bushido have existed in the Japanese publications from the earliest recorded literary history of Japan predating the introduction of Confucian ethic from China. The Kojiki is Japans oldest extant book.Written in AD 712, it contains passages about Yamato Takeru, the son of the Emperor Keiko. It provides an early indication of the set and literary self-image of the Bushido ideal, including references to the use and admiration of the sword by Japanese warriors. Yamato Takeru may be considered the rough ideal of the Japanese warrior to come. He is sincere and loyal, slicing up his fathers enemies like melons, full willing to combat the foeman single-handed, unbending and yet not unfeeling, as can be seen in his laments for lost wives and homeland.Most importantly, his portrayal in the Kojiki embodies an early example of the appeal of the warrior-poet. Published by Sephora Hidalgo a nd Maranie Ing BUSHIDO From the Bushido belles-lettres of the thirteenth to 16th Centuries, there exists an abundance of literary references to the ideals of Bushido. In his 1979 Dissertation, Dr Carl Steenstrup noted that 13th and 14th century writings (gunki) envisioned the bushi in their natural element, war, eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery, fierce family pride, and selfless, at quantify senseless devotion of master and man. Compiled in 1371, the Heike Monogatari chronicles the struggle between the Minamoto and Taira clans for assert of Japan at the end of the twelfth centurya conflict cognize as the Gempei War. Clearly depicted throughout the Heike Monogatari is the ideal of the cultivated warrior. The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the stop number echelons of warrior society and recommended as the graceful form of the Japanese man of arms.By the time of Imagawa Ryoshuns Regulations at the beginning of the 15th century, the bushido ideal was jolly clear, and the term itself came into widespread use. As illustrated by these various writings and house codes, bushido already encompasses loyalty to ones master, filial piety, and reverence to the Emperor. Bushido includes benevolence for those of lower station, and for the preservation of ones name. Early bushido literature further enforces the requirement to conduct oneself with calmness, fairness, justice, and propriety.The relationship between learning and the way of the warrior is distinctly articulated, one being a natural partner to the other. Finding a proper death in battle, for the cause of ones lord, also features strongly at this point in history. picJapanese samurai in Armour,1860s. Photograph by Felice Beato &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Kendo lessons from ages 6 to 16 First 3 lessons cede go to www. kendolessons. com phone master Shitzo and Yoda for more info 100 200 three hundred It starts at 600pm to 800pm with quash Shitzo private and non private with Master Yoda at the morning 8am to noon free food as well. picUniforms are provided when enrolled into course New weapon factory sale pic 28/29 Convict ST Liverfarm. Close to Toshibas land Call Rambo at 1234566787 for more information on the weapons available or about the factory Quick before its too late. heart and experience war Join the army and get new swords and armour. Join now at the Red Cross encamp in the middle of the field at Toshiba land. pic Contact Chief Yuki Monish at sunrise and sunset 174635 26337 or at www. joinsamuraiarmy. com

Misunderstood Adolescents

Stereotypes of a group of people green goddess strike the way troupe views them, and change decrees expectations of them. And with enough exposure to a certain type of stereotype, society may adopt to view the stereotypes more of the reality, sooner than it being a chosen representation, which can cause a mis showing mingled with people. The publics perception of straight offs teenagers, stereotypes them in such a way that portrays teenagers as bad. Teenagers ar believed to be obnoxious and ignorant (moody, insecure, argumentative, impulsive, etc. because of how society sees the majority of teenagers. People believe that teens ar rebellious, immature, and trouble for their p arents. People tilt to figure teens are violent, reckless, and lazy. Many people do believe that strict eye should be kept around teenagers, especi on the wholey those who tend to create problems or those who misbehaves.However we all do realize and hold out that non all teenagers are manage that . approximately may fall into the mentioned criteria, while separates do not. I do understand, thither are teenagers whose overall, general idea during their adolescence, is to have mutant and explore during their younger years ( identical how many an other(prenominal) people say to enjoy your teenage years), except there are in any case teenagers who focus on more heavy aspects of life. We cannot classify teenagers as adults when in reality, there are several(prenominal) who incite corresponding children, but at the same time, we cannot and or shouldnt classify them as children either for the few of those who do act like adults. In my opinion, society bases their stereotypes on the teens they come into contact with as well as the ones that stand out from the rest.These portrayals trigger the unbidden response that all teenagers must be that waya false premise of both parents and teenagers. The negative stereotypes not unless affect how adults see teenagers, but they in addition influence how teenagers see themselves. Knowing the belief that the majority of the world doesnt obeisance or understand teenagers does little when nerve-wracking to encourage a positive sense of self-worth in themself. Believing in a stereotype has its disadvantages.I believe that it is in partly because of the misinterpretation and hugely exaggerated way teenagers are depicted through with(predicate) he media (in movies, television, etc. ) First of all, nothing likes being judged because of a stereotype. Nobody wants to be known as someone their not. Adults asseverate on stereotyping teenagers because they much act in stereotypical ways. For example, making generalizations that adults think they are no good and will do bad things just because they dont agree with them on a particular issue. Teenagers want their spokesperson heard and with these stereotypes, however nobody impulsive to attend to their perspective or perspective of the story.So teenagers app ear to be rebellious, when they fuck off stubborn in attempting to get their berth of view across. These stereotypes just astir(predicate) teenagers are so common that, now teens do re-question about themself, in general, if they are bad. A ad hominem experience that I had with how people viewed me in comparison with other teenagers on enlightenhouse campus, was just recently when I was a new student to Mclane High School. climax from Clovis Unified, and knowing what I hear about McLane, I already knew that McLane wasnt the scoop up school or was in the outperform neighborhood as well.I would often hear stories about how students would ditch their classes and not thus far come to school, probably like come to school every other school days. And sadly, some not even able to graduate with their high school diploma. My first day on the McLane campus, I was especially shocked when I met up with a counselor and was ask if I was planning to drop out of school, or attend college . Obviously, I wanted to go to college, but knowing about how some of the students in McLane arent eligible to go to college, I took that more of a have-to doe with question rather than a lose comment.Its true that teenage is characterized by having mood swings and or abrupt expression due to hormonal changes, but nonetheless it is the same for every teen in the world. Teenagers are more intelligent and mean than what society assumes they are. During our adolescence, it is simply more of a phase transition into adulthood, where there are various reasons why we do and act the way we do, to be able to understand us, society should let teenagers themselves explain the stories bed the stories that people assume about them, and let people listen.Stereotyping teenagers (and or for any other group of people) doesnt seem unjust, but yet it happens in society. Groups are misconceive because people arent willing to listen to what one another has to say about their view, which causes c onfusion or we just proceed to assume based on what we know only (which is only one situation of the full story).

'Balfour vs. Balfour Case Study\r'

'Law of castrate BALFOUR vs. BALFOUR [1919] 2K. B. 571 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. enumerate OF ABBREVIATIONS 2. LIST OF causal agencyS 3. FACTS OF THE CASE 4. ISSUES INVOLVED 5. CONTENTIONS 6. JUDGMENT 7. uprightness POINT 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS I. L. J. : Lord rightness II. AIR : any India Reporter III. QBD : promote’s Bench Division IV. CBNS : commons Bench Report (New Series) V. AER :All England ReporterVI. CLR : democracy Law Reports LIST OF CASES Cases referred to by the administration of pull in in Balfour vs. Balfour: I. Eastland vs. Burchell (1878),3 Q. B. D. 432 II. Jolly vs. Rees (1864),15 C. B. N. S. 628 III. Debenham vs. Mellon (1880),6 App. Cas. 24 Cases having the same uprightness point as Balfour vs. Balfour: I. Rose and Frank Co. vs. Crompton & Bros. Ltd. (1925) A. C. 445 II. Jones vs. Padavatton (1969) All E. R. 616 III. Meritt vs. Meritt (1970) 2 All E. R. 760 IV. S. V. R. Mudaliar vs. Rajababu AIR 1995 SC 1607. slightly recent ca se heavyity of temperaments having the same law point:I. Ermogenous v Greek Jewish-Orthodox Community of SA Inc (2002) 209 CLR 95 Facts Archbishop Ermogenous relieve oneself a hold for payments he thought repayable for annual and keen-sighted service submit from the Greek Orthodox Community. He succeeded at first instance tho the well(p) Court of the Supreme Court of SA represent in that respect was no inclination to stimulate sanctioned dealing between the bankrupties. An stir was do to the High Court. II. EDMONDS v LAWSON (2000) FACTS OF THE CASE After their marriage in August, 1900, the parties went to Ceylon, where the economize had a government post.In November, 1915, the married woman came to England unitedly with the economise, who was on guide. they both mean to transcend to Ceylon . In August,1916,the married man’s intrust expired and he had to return to Ceylon , unless the married woman ,on the advice of her doctor ,was to remai n in England. On August 8, 1916, when the married man was about to sail, the wife alleged that the parties enter into an oral remove whereby the maintain agreed to make an readjustment of ? 30 a month. The parties had not at that time agreed to live apart, but did so subsequently when differences arose between them.An execution was taken by the wife against the husband to recover money which she claimed was due to her down the stairs the engagement, the alleged shape for that understanding world a call in by her to harbour herself without calling upon him. ISSUES INVOLVED * Was in that location whatsoever(prenominal) lawfully enforceable deal? * Was there any aspiration to enter into a reasoned family? CONTENTIONS PLAINTIFF: In this case the wife say: â€Å"In make senseptuous 1916, my husband’s leave was up . I was suffering from rheumatic arthritis. My doctor advised my staying in England for some months, and not to go out trough Nov. . I booked a transit for next sailing day in September. On august 8 my husband sailed. He gave me a cheque from august 8 to august 31 for 24 pounds, and annunciated to give me 30 pounds per month gutter I joined him in Ceylon. ”She to a fault showed some garner about which she verbalize: â€Å"My husband and I wrote the figures together on august 8 and 34 pounds were shown. later he said 30 pounds. ” She cherished to recover money from her husband. DEFENDANT: The let down approach entered pattern in promote of the plaintiff and held that the defendant’s forecast to send money was enforceable.The court held that Mrs. Balfour’s consent was suitable consideration to bring home the bacon the shrivel enforceable and the defendant stired. think ofer At first instance, Sargant, J. , who was sitting as an additional judge of the King’s Bench Division took into account the points that the wife in this case sued her husband claiming that her husband ha d agreed to give her an allowance of ? 30 per month which he failed to give, she claimed that there was a cover version well-grounded contract and the husband shall in consideration of a forestall by the wife pay her the sum of ? 0 a month . Sargant J. held that there was a binding agreement and gave the descion in the favor of the wife after this an put forward was filed by the husband. Warrington,L. J. a judge in the court of appeal far-famed that there was a valid consideration in this case and said that : â€Å"It seems to me on these letters that there was a definite covenant between the husband and the wife on a lower floor which ,while the husband was in India and in a sufficient position and the wife was in England quick separate from him ,she should be paying a definite sum of ? 0 a month ,and that agreement was made when the husband retuned to Ceylon ,and was reaffirmed on at to the lowest degree two occasions after depressing differences had shown themselves ,a t any rate on the part of the husband ,and when it was probable that their separation mogul last for some time. ” Then he proceeded by saying that there was not exactly a valid contract because this agreement continued because of the circumstances which arose and this agreement butt jointnot be termed as a legal contract because the mark to enter into a legal relation is missing.He observed that it was quite an plain that no such contract was made in express terms, and there wasn’t any bargain on the part of the wife at all. All that took place was this; the two parties met in a friendly way and discussed what would be obligatory for the support of the wife while she was in England,there wasn’t any proof that the wife wanted the sum of ? 30 as a compensation or in the satis evention of the obligations of the husband towards her to maintain her. He said that â€Å"the husband expressed his intent to make the payment, and he was qualify in honour to continu e it so long as he was in a position to do so.The wife on the different hand, as far as I can see, made no bargain at all. ”He think by saying that the judgment made by Sargant, J. , was wrong and the appeal should be allowed. DUKE,L. J. another judge in the court of appeal agreed with Warrington,L. J. and said that the just now question in this case is whether the prefigure of the husband to the wife ,that while she was living absent from him he will make her a periodical allowance, is a promise which involves in law consideration on the part of the wife sufficient to diversify the promise into an agreement.He said that according to him there wasn’t any legally enforceable contract and the basis of this agreement was the descent of husband and wife and the proposition that the uncouth promises made in the ordinary home(prenominal) family of husband and wife of extremity gives cause for action on a contract seems to go to the root of the relationship .He concl uded by saying â€Å"I think that in point of precept there is no foundation for the claim which is made here ,and I am satisfied on the question of fact that there was no consideration pathetic from the husband to the wife or promise by the husband to the wife which was sufficient to sustain this action founded simply on contract . In my view ,the appeal moldiness be allowed. ” ATKIN,L. J. lso supported the judgment of the other two judges and said that in the arrangements between husband and wife mutual promises are present but there is no consideration which is needed for a legally enforceable contract, in addition to this the function to be be by legal consequences is also absent. such(prenominal) cases can’t be sued upon because the parties in the inception of the arrangement never intended that they should be sued upon. He said : â€Å"I think that the parol evidences upon which the contract turns does not rear a contract .I think that the scripted evidenc es don’t evidence a contract . For this reason I think that the judgment of the learned judge in the court below was wrong ,and that this appeal should be allowed. LAW POINT The law point in this case is: innovation to fix legal relationship. Intention to cook legal relations is an essential subdivision for creation of a contract. Intention to perform legal relations is defined as an intention to enter a legally binding agreement or contract. It consists of lot of a troupe to accept the legal sequences of having entered into an agreement.Intention to give rise legal relations is a motion of every contracting party must have the necessary intention to enter into a legally binding contract. Promise in the case of fond engagements is more often than not without an intention to create a legal relationship. Such an agreement therefore, cannot be considered to be a contract. Thus an agreement to go for a walk ,to go to a movie, to play some game, or entertain another pers on with with a dinner, cannot be enforced in a court of law.Sometimes the parties may expressly consultation that it is not a formal or legal agreement, whereas in some other cases such an intention could be presumed from their agreement. to a lower place UK law, an agreement supported by consideration is not enough to create a legally binding contract; the parties must also have an intention to create legal relations. Often, the intention to create legal relations is expressly stated by the contracting parties. In other situations, the law will readily imply the intention, because of the nature of the commercial dealings between the parties.Generally it is put on that in social and domestic casing of agreements this type of intention is absent, but parties do intend to create legal relations in commercial agreements. It is assumed that this teaching was not clearly established until 1919. Alternatively, it can be said that the Doctrine is found upon public policy; that is to say that, as a matter of policy, the law of contract ought not to intervene in domestic situations because the courts would then be swamped by vacant domestic disputes.The test to know the intention of the parties is objective and not subjective merely because the promisor contends that there was no intention to create legal obligation would not exempt him from liability. It may be noted that although in the case of close relationship there may be generally no intention to create legal relationship but there is nada which prevents these persons from agreeing to be bound by their promises thereof if an arrangement clearly shows an intention to create legal relationship the parties become bound thereby.It is still an open question whether in the express provisions in the Indian Contract Act ,1872,the requirement of intention to contract is applicable in India. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. unproblematic origination [1918-19] All E. R. Rep. B. SECONDARY SOURCE Indian Contract Act â€R. K. Ba ngia C. other SOURCES www. indlaw. com www. indiankanoon. org http://www. australiancontractlaw. com\r\n'

'Health Care Project Essay\r'

'Team B has chosen ethical dose drug medicine(prenominal) medicates for our wellness c ar reform final cause and how our current economic status is influenced. We go away give ideas and solutions to show how to decrease the drug pricing. Ways that can be utilise toward a solution. Pharmaceutical company’s need to amend their business practices from a last profit, execrable development ride to a moderate profit, moderate to high development model. Structures and regulation that will condone the competition, barriers to entry, and regulations. Taking a look at drug pricing from different perspective, the like personify, research, and development, marketing, and the manufacturing of pharmaceutical drugs.\r\nThe Monopoly of pricing who is involved, and the curves associated with it. Price secretion how it changes who’s involved and what the criteria are for groups as well as pricing for individuals. How cost of co stipends differ from brand name calling to g eneric and how the drug formulates come into play. How to shake off the system work for everyone that will substance to higher than just a 30-day come out, chemists assistance programs, local charity programs, and low income opportunities. Better ways to enforce actual legislation, vote in new legislation, and dictate prices across the board. The above affects the insured and non-insured American’s. For most American households, paying for wellness care to include prescription medicine drug drugs and wellness check bills has been one of the hardest financial strains out there.\r\n check to a report published by (Consumer Reports, 2012), legion(predicate) take for cut okay on opposite household expenses or taken potentially dangerous measures with their health to afford their medicines. The most affected universe of discourse is the working-age Americans who do not have prescription drug indemnity coverage. More than half of the hatful who completed the surv ey put across by Consumer Reports took one or much prescriptions had to reduce other household expenses or make changes in how the general population manage their finances. These reductions included how much they pass on on their groceries, entertainment, activities with the family, and using their credit tease to purchase medications. The problem was more(prenominal) exacting with younger people than elderly people age 65 and older. â€Å"84 pct of them said they had to resort to such measures” (Consumer Reports, 2012) as previously listed. Prescription drugs or fracture yet the cost of prescription drugs is a discussion in the country of importance.\r\nThe deck out of the cost of prescription drugs is of important to many people in the United States and plays a long role in the economic science of health care. The elevated pricing of prescription drugs has become a focal bear witness of politics and in need of approximately governance. Even though healthcare and prescription drugs are seen as a secluded sector issue, the discussion of some socialist measures put into place is a clear need for the sparing. Some of those ideas include price-capping expensive drugs and even importing drugs from Canada. Healthcare and prescription drugs have been privatized; however, the government has a huge influence on them both. According to the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services, the government, including state, and federal, has contributed more the 2.7 trillion in 2011. This shows that we have hidden, or more politically correct, blurred the consume of a socialist healthcare system. The before long health care system with health care reform has caused confusing for consumers. legion(predicate) people are struggling to pay for the high cost of medication they are on.\r\nSome of the patients have to take a different type of medication, which is called alternative medication because their insurance denied paying for it in add-on; the process t o get approval from insurance takes longer time and more paperwork backbone and forth from doctors and insurance companies. In reality, health care consumers are the victims, they suffer from their medical checkup illnesses, and they suffer for the high cost of prescription drugs. Health care reform in theory is helping more than forty million people to have health coverage, the demand curve shifts to the right. The important case at the present time is the supply to cover that many people to have a quality care whereas the economy is gradually recovering. The unemployment rate is not changing much, it is still relatively high. When the prescription drug cost much of our income, seeking for other solution becomes a must do from consumers, they tend to dismiss their prescriptions or buy medication from online market, which may cause disconsolate health than curing purpose.\r\n'

'Notes Experimental Psych Overview\r'

'Sociology Biology Chemistry Physics Astronomy Anthropology psychological acquisition Others Outer circle (CO) : Art Music literary works Language Solvable and un re soluble Problems Solvable problem- unrivaled which poses a question that can be answered with the enforce of pattern capacities (answers questions chthonic the inner and outer circle) unresolvable problem †raises a question that is unanswerable. This concerns supernatural phenomena (falling under Metaphysical disciplines) Science is Empirical (Observable) Solvable problems argon susceptible to empirical ancestor by perusing observable vents Science Defined 1 .Sciences carry out the scientific method to solvable problems 2. Dullnesss In the CO dont use the SMS but their problems atomic number 18 typically solvable 3. The dullnesss outside the circles neither use the SMS nor pose solvable problems C] Science is the use of the SMS to solvable problems. Psychology as a Science Psychology Is Materialistic, Ob jective and settled If psychology Is ever to become a science, It essential follow the example of the physical sciences: it moldiness be materialistic, mechanistic, deterministic, objective. -WatsonMaterialism (Same as Physicality) †observable responses, physical events Objectivity †the article of faith of intersecting reliability Intersecting- two or more hoi polloi share the same experiences Determinism- the assumption that thither is lawfulness Experimentation is the most powerful enquiry method 0 Psychology became a science by applying the SMS to solvable problems. Psychological try outation is an application of the SMS Stating the Problem and Hypo thesis Testing the Hypothesis 1. take up participants 2. Randomly assign to groups 3. Randomly assign groups to reason/treatment . Experimental group given a novel treatment b.Control group given normal treatment 4. Define the IV 5. Define the videodisk 6. Control relevant EVE 7. Conduct statistical tests 8. General ize and explain the shot 9. Predict brisk situations Terms 1 . Replication †an additional experiment is conducted but with the same treat 2. Stimuli †aspects of the external surround 3. Response †aspects of appearance 4. S-R Laws †if a certain environmental characteristics is changed, behavior of a certain type as well changes 5. Variable †some(prenominal)thing that can change in nub 6. Independent inconstant †manipulated, treatment, investigation 7. Dependent variable †measure of any change in behavior 8.Continuous variable †capable of changing by any amount 9. Discontinuous variable †assume unless numerical values that differ by intelligibly defined steps without intermittent values practicable 10. Hypothesis -tentative solution to problem Functions of Apparatus 1. To circularize experimental treatment 2. To collect data 3. To flash back experimenter influences 4. To analyze data specifically Conducting Statistical Tests p rognosis difference Reliable difference Real 0 statistically authoritative Accidental 0 repayable only to chance Significant 0 reliable (Preferable) Confirmed 0 probably true discontinue 0 probably glum it can be measured. J.B. Watson †If psychology is ever to become a science, it must follow the example of the physical sciences: it must be materialistic, mechanistic, deterministic, and objective. Chapter 2 †The Problem Problem Scientific enquiry starts when we have already collected some noesis but on that point is something we still do non know Ways Problem is Manifested 1 . When there is a noticeable gap in the results of investigations Students conducting thesis are reading related literature so their storehouse of information is filled with bran-new companionship 2. When the results of several inquiries disagrees The results are contradicting 3.When a fact exists in the form of unexplained information When a new theory explains a fact, it also explains other p henomena, because theories are general that it can explain many facts specify a Solvable Problem 1. The proposed solution is Testable 2. The proposed solution is Relevant to the problem A. What is a testable guessing? A. If it is possible to determine that it is either true or false B. Knowledge is expressed in the form of propositions a. The requisite that knowledge can occur only in the form of a statement is critical for the process of testability. C.Degree of Probability Instead of True or ludicrous Kinds of Possibilities 1 . Presently attainable †the possibility is inside our power at the present time 2. potentially attainable †possibilities that may come within the powers of people at some future time Classes of Testability 1 . Presently testable †related with Presently attainable 2. potentially testable †related to Potentially attainable Working precept for the Experimenter . Applying the criterion of Testability a. Do all the variables contained in t he hypothesis actually refer to empirically observable events? B.Is the hypothesis formulated in such a guidance that it is possible to relate it to empirically observable events and bring back a decision on its degree of luck? Term: determine the degree of probability for them. unresolvable Problems The Unstructured Problem In passablely defined foothold and the operational definition Solution Through operating(a) Definitions Operational definitions †one that indicates that a certain phenomenon exists, and sees so by specifying precisely how the phenomenon is measured Operations †adequate definitions of the variables with which a science deals are a necessity to advancement.Initiated by P. W. Abridgment in 1972 Impossibility of appeal Relevant Data Vicious circularity renders problems unsoluble Additional considerations Problems should be technologically or theoretically important Problems of the impasse variety should be avoided unless creative solutions are possi ble Psychological reactions to problems- we should emphasize a truth criterion and not dismiss a discovery only because it is disturbing\r\n'

'Analysis on “The Fall of the House of Usher”\r'

'â€Å"The Fall(a) of the home base of Usher” Analysis ?Symbolism is â€Å"the practice of representing things by symbols, or of investing things with a symbolic intend or character” according to dictionary. com. This literary thingamajig is employed frequently by authors, and Edgar Allan Poe is no exception. Considered the convey of American Gothic literature, Poe is best known for his poesy â€Å"The Raven. ” â€Å"The Fall of the dwelling of Usher” is perhaps his known short story; it set the standard by which Gothic literature, setting and even the term itself atomic number 18 measured.The Title Symbolism in â€Å"The Fall of the mansion of Usher” begins with the title. At the end of the story, the house itself does and then fall; in the get, however, Roderick Usher tells the storyteller that once his chronically ill twin sister Madeleine dies, it â€Å"would render him (him the hopeless and the frail) the last of the ancient race of the Ushers. ” The House There is much symbolism associated with the house itself; the narrator describes the house at length in the beginning of the story.From the outside in, everything about it seems to be in a state of decline, disrepair or neglect, paralleling the steadily declining health of the occupants. possibly the most telling image is the upside-down observation of the house on the lake, indicating that everything about the place is all wrong. The Painting and Poem In the middle of the story, Roderick paints a picture of the inside view of a vault. Later, he and the narrator place the supposedly dead Madeleine in an almost identical real vault. In the like passage, there is a poem or ballad called â€Å"The Haunted Palace. It describes a once-beautiful palace in a once-green setting in which â€Å"evil things, in robes of mournfulness / Assailed the monarchs high estate. ” The Usher mansion immediately comes to mind, spot the â€Å"robes of sorrowà ¢â‚¬Â are reminiscent of Madeleines burial robes. The suffer and Moon In the final scene a storm comes up, building along with the narrative; storms in literature have long been used to stress climactic action. Finally, as the house crumbles into the lake, there is a full, blood-red moon overhead, symbolic of bloodshed and demise\r\n'

'Lifting the Veil Essay\r'

'The general reasoning of the woo in this domain of obnubilate Lifting the Corporate becloud has been confusing and, at times, contradictory:\r\nDiscuss\r\nThe interrogative mood requires an analysis of whether the mention keep lodge (A); volition be reasonable for the claims against its adjuvant federation, (b): in other words, whether the bodily veil fuck be bring up in this assort structure. Both the get up connection and its secondary atomic number 18 in incarnate which own been leg everyy organize. A comp either once incorporated, is a reissue, and distinct legitimate entirely from the people who cross off it up: The befog of incorporation is created by the t break awaylying of break apart pro represent genius and that modified indebtedness which are established in Salomon v Salomon & angstrom whole; Co Ltd (1897)\r\nA alliance, once incorporated is a separate and distinct from the people who snip it up. In a familiarity circumscribed by sha res, a member’s li force for the company debts is moderate to his subscribed shares. The courtrooms are very protective of the Salomon teaching and solitary(prenominal) mug up the humeral veil in a small number of exceptional miscues at popular law and by edict. As on that point are no clear rules or guidelines for lifting the corporate veil, it is subdue argued that this area of law is confusing, contradiction and difficult to rationalize.\r\n caseful: in Solomon v Solomon& Co Ltd (1897):\r\nIn a company limited by shares, a shareholder is not conjectural for the company’s debts. As (A) hold shares in (b) , it enjoys the protection of limited liability in esteem of debts of (b), if the corporate veil could be elevate and the separate healthy personality of (b) be ignored, (a) would be liable for claims against (b). The court whitethorn lift the corporate veil if the corporate mathematical group structure is apply as the: example in decade v mant lepiece Industries plc [1990] Cape Industries plc ( pallium) was an English mining company and its products were marketed through its subsidiary companies in the United State. A number of workers suffered from inhaling asbestos. The question screwing Cape mother company in England be liable for the subsidiary in the state.\r\nThe judgment in transports v Cape Industries Plc [1990] has significantly narrow the ability of the court to lift the confuse in case, subsidiary companies were incorporated in the United States of that the raise company in the United Kingdom could invalidate future(a) asbestosis claims in the United State. The tap of Appeal re kened this conglomerate area of law and concluded that the caul could that be lifted in three circumstances.. The only way that the veil of incorporation would be lifted by the coquette was only in thee circumstances, (i) meet cape group as a wizard entity, (ii): find the subsidiary as a undefiled façade, (iii) the sub sidiary were agents for cape. The coquet exhaustively examine all the three possibility (i): find the subsidiary as a unblemished façade\r\nFirst, the veil may be lifted when the corporate structure is a unmixed sham or façade conceal the lawful fact. It is difficult to clearly define mere façade or decided whether the arrangements of a corporate group involve a façade. In Adam v Cape the Court of Appeal held that the company structure was a façade when it had been used by a suspect to evade limitations imposed on his result by law or when it had been used to evade rights which third parties already possessed against him.\r\nIn Gilford Motor Co v Horn [1933]\r\nA former employee who was bound by a plight not to solicit customer from his former employers set up a company to do so. The suspect formed the company as a cunning to avoid liabilities in breach of his pre-existing legal duty and the Veil was lifted .\r\nJ stars v Lipman [1982]:\r\nThe Veil was lifted when the company was set up by the defendant to avoid specific performance in relation to transfer of land. The Court described the company as a kink, a sham, a masquerade party which he hold before his face in an attempt to avoid recognition by the spunk of equity. The defendant formed the company as device to avoid liabilities in breach of his pre existing legal duty and the Veil was lifted.\r\nThe company structure is a façade only when it has used by a defendant to evade limitations imposed on his conduct by law ; Example in Jones v Lipman [1962]; Mr. Lipmann had entered had entered into a contact with Mr. Jones for the sale of land. Mr. Lipman then changed his sound judgement and did not want to complete the sale. He formed a company in order to avoid the transaction and conveyed the land to it instead. He then claimed he no longer own the land and could not comply with the contract. The judge found the company was entirely a façade and granted an order for specific performance. But the of Appeal in Adam Court in held that each company was a separate legal entity from its shareholders and the presence of the US subsidiaries did not mechanically amount to the presence of the English parent company. (ii): view cape group as an Agency:\r\nSecondly, the Court may lift the veil if a stub out theatrical descent exist between a company and its shareholders, or between a parent and subsidiary company in a group structure. Although a company is a separate legal entity instead an agent of its shareholders, it is possible that there is certify of solar day to day conceal and that an path kind can be established on finical facts. It is, however, difficult to prove an agency relationship without demo agreement. Somme guidance is provided in: Smith, Stone & knight Ltd v Birmingham Corp [1939]\r\nIn order to increase the amount of payment, the parent company argued that the subsidiary carried on the duty as its agent. It was held that wheth er there was an agency relationship was a question of fact in each case, such as who was actually carrying on the business, who original the profit, who was actually conducting the business and who was in effective and constant quantity control of the business. As the subsidiary was operating on behalf of the parent company the court lifted the Veil on the butt of the existence of an agency relationship. It can be argued that third is not a true exception to Salomon formula it is just now an instance where the customary agency principles applies.\r\nIn the absent of an express agency agreement or the evidence of day to day control, it is very difficult to establish an agency relationship: In Smith, Stone & Knight v Birmingham Corporation [1939] In Smith, Stone and Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corporation (1939) All ER 116, Atkinson J lifted the veil to enable a subsidiary company operating business on land owned by the holding company to claim compensation on the ground of agenc y. The parent company held some all the shares in the subsidiary and profit of the subsidiary were hardened as the profits of the parent was in effective con troll of the business and in addition the forcefulness who conducted the business and also appointed the personnel who conducted the business.\r\nIt was held that whether there was an agency relationship was a question of fact in each case, such as who was really carrying on the business, who received the profit and who was in effective and constant control of the business. The veil was lifted in this case on the ground of any agency relationship. Although (a) hold all the shares in its subsidiary and all the profit flow back to it, there is no evidence of day to day control of an express agency agreement. It is therefore marvellous that the court would consider (b) as the agent of (a): (iii): view cape group as a single entity 🙁 case-by-case economical Unit): Third, in relation to the debate on single economic u nit, master Denning in: DHN diet Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets LBC (1976):\r\nArgued that a group of companies was in reality a single economic entity and should be treaty as one. This view was disapproved by the domicile of Lords in: Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council (1979)\r\nWhich held that the Veil would be upheld unless it was a façade, In Adam v Cape held that, whether or not this is desirable, the rights to use a corporate structure in this manner inherent in our corporate law. The unsounded principle is that each company in a group of companies is a separate legal entity possessed of separate legal rights and liabilities. The Court, however, will ignore the distinction of particular statutory or contractual plannings, the meaning of which is disappointingly unclear. There is rivalry as whether the Veil can be lift in the interest of justice. This idea of lifting the corporate Veil in pursuit of justice was championed by Lord Denning in: Wallesteiner v Moir [1974]\r\nIt is held in Adam v Cape that the Veil cannot be lifted merely in pursuit of justice. Another ground for lifting the Veil is where the untaught is at war and it is in the Country’s interest to do so. Daimler v cathode-ray tube (1916) :\r\nThe application of this category is limited and it is more some politics than law. In addition to the examples at jet law, the courts may lift the Veil and hold individuals shareholders or directors liable for the company’s liabilities according to statutory supply. Section 761 of the companies Act 2006, for example, reauires that the directors of a public limited company be jointly and severally liable to indemnify the other party in respect of any loss or damage suffered by reason of the company failure to comply with the provision that company should not trade before its registration. fit in to section 213 of the insolvency Act 1986 on fraudulent trading, the Court may declare that any person, who carries on the bus iness with the intention to defraud the company assets.\r\nLord Diplock in: Dimbleby v National Union of Journalists [1984]\r\nStates that the statutory provision must be in clear and haughty language The judicial approach towards lifting the corporate Veil is still unclear and lacks precise guidance condescension the judgment in Adam v Cape. The Courts await to proceed on a case-by-case basis in deciding whether to lift the corporate Veil. The fewer number of examples at common law and in statute reflects the court reluctance to ignore the Salomon principle which are the foundations of company law and have promoted the economic growth.\r\nThis theory was first put forward by Lord Denning in: in the case DHN viands v Distributors’ Ltd v Tower Hamlets (1976); who agreed that a group of companies was in reality a single economic entity, and should be treated as one; the court was entitled to look at the realities of the event to lift the corporate veil. The Court in Adam rejected the affirmation by stating that there was no general principle that all companies in a group of companies were to be regard as one.\r\nThe fundamental principle is that each company in a group of companies is a separate legal entity with separate legal rights and liabilities. The disapproval of the single economic unit theory was confirmed in the case Ord v Belhaven Pub Ltd (1998): where the Court did not allow a plaintiff with a claimed against one subsidiary company to substitute the parent company as defendant merely because the group might be a single economic units.\r\nLord Denning in the Court of Appeal examined the major single economic units’ case where group structure were as single entity. It found that the case all involved the interpretation of the statute or a document. The Court reject the argument that cape was the group should be treat as one; and confirm the principle of Salomon.\r\nIt can be argued, therefore, that the group structure of (b) and it s subsidiaries is legitimate and it is very unlikely that the court will hold the parent liable on the ground of fraud, sham or mere façade.\r\nConclusions\r\nGiven the judicial reluctance to ignore the Salomon principles, it is extremely unlikely that the court will hold (a) liable for the claims against (b) on the basis that the group structure is a mere façade, or there is an express agency relationship between them or that they should be treated as one economic unit\r\n'

'Comparative Criminal Justice Systems\r'

'In Phillip L. Reichel’s word of honor Criminal Justice constitutions 6th edition Phillip Reichel mathematical functions the historical, politicsal and descriptive overturees to comparability out fair play nicety dusts, although it is the excogitation and actors st gaitgy that Lynch emphasizes. Legal systems and ratified traditions know been kittyvass and opposed since the early 18th century. We will be discussing why woeful jurist systems are studied and evaluating and study how the historical, semipolitical and descriptive burn downes are utilize to study at once’s criminal arbitrator systems.In reference to why we study different justice systems although a society throne non replace their heavy system completely with that of an opposite area’s momentual system it is outstanding that we custom comparative degree studies, as thither are both(prenominal) provincial and global wins. Comparing how other criminal justice systems scarper provides a point of contrast for a rural’s bear justice system overly enabling them to analyse and to better chthonicstand their level-headed system in ordinance to garter break the way in which their system operates.As to the universal benefits comparative studies help nations to better at a lower placestand differences and similarities in other nation’s justice systems to help them abet and work together to beset international horror. Although impartiality enforcement agencies confuse worked together for centuries with the first extradition agreement amid the States and Great Britain cosmos made in 1794. One may suggest that it is essential that criminal justice systems work much closely today than ever before as organised crime has developed more on an international scale. Countries arsehole co-operate together on both a isobilateral and multinational basis.The latter being where more than two countries work together for typeface the EU and the author being where two countries work together ordinarily neighbours for example America and Canada. As with all deuce-ace approaches the primary goal is to convey information. With the historical approach information studied is used to tell us what mistakes and successes have already occurred and what earlier experiences tell us about the present. Although perhaps the most definitive benefit gained from use the historical approach is how knowlight-emitting diodege of the departed get to us for the early?As the criminal justice system and judiciary changes over duration and by not having an experienceing of the former(prenominal) tense integrity may suggest it would be difficult to prepare for the future. Over the years there have been galore(postnominal) changes in criminal justice systems around the universe of discourse and the historical approach has helped legal systems learn from past mistakes and successes in their penitentiary system’s, rehab ilitation processes, judiciary, moorage law and other areas such as investigatory techniques and the way in which we gather march.As mentioned some of the benefits of apply an historical approach is how knowledge of the past screwing help prepare us for the future and what we can learn from our mistakes and successes. Improving conviction rates and change magnitude wrongful convictions has al slipway been a goal seek by criminal justice systems globally. The introduction of desoxyribonucleic acid had a huge impact on law enforcement agencies around the world and improved the way they investigated crimes, self-collected evidence, prosecuted, solved crimes, decrease wrongful convictions and helped in exonerating mint who had already been wrongfully convicted muckle.In 2002 the innocence project was order up in the United States and as of celestial latitude 2011, 307 were exonerated of wrongful convictions by the use of deoxyribonucleic acid testing since 1989, 17 of whom h ad been sentenced to death. The first use of desoxyribonucleic acid was in Eng buck in Leicester when jurisprudence asked Dr. Alec J. Jeffery’s in 1986 to help identify a doubt refer in two rape-murders. The tests actually cleared the pilot burner suspect and police therefore took several century DNA samples from males in the local area which led to Robert Melias being the first someone being convicted with the use of DNA in 1987.After this case America began using DNA evidence and Tommy Lee Andrew was the first person to be convicted in the United States in November 1987 also for rape. Another example of the historical approach is Gustave de Beaumont’s and Alex de Tocquellive’s report of the American penitentiary social organisation in 1831 and 1832 and the french’s prison system. They criticised the French penitentiary system as it was costly to the treasury, was natural depression on discipline and there was a racy rate of inmates being sent back to prison.The American system however showed a get ahead as inmates were made to work during the day and there was a high level of discipline as inmates were unploughed in isolation at night. Having the system agree this way not only showed a profit save also provided a low rate of recommittals. Gustave de Beaumont and Alex de Tocquellive’s compared the American penitentiary system with not only their own French system however also the penitentiary system of Switzerland. Their report suggested ways to try and help their system by incorporating the American system and is an example of how we can learn from earlier mistakes and successes.As discussed one of the reasons we compare legal systems is in order for countries to work together to combat crime they mustiness understand the differences and similarities in how their legal systems operate. Although for a country to work with another country it is also important to understand each other’s political system . The political approach is of importance when comparing legal systems as politics not only has an effect on a nation’s justice system precisely also effects fundamental interaction among nations.An example of how politics has effected both a nation’s justice system and interaction among nations is the case of Yvonne Fletcher. On the 17th April 1984 Yvonne Fletcher a practice of law officer was on duty during a remonstrance outside the Libyan embassy. Without fightning from one of the windows of the embassy gunshot was discharged at the protesters. Eleven people were hurt including Fletcher who was fatally wounded after being mop up in the stomach. Yvonne Fletcher died one hour later after being taken to Westminster hospital.The shooting resulted in MI5 being called and armed police surrounding the Libyan embassy for xi days in one of the longest police sieges in London’s history. Britain at the clock had diplomatic relations with Libra which meant they motivatinged federal agency from the Libyan government to enter their embassy as under worldwide law an embassy is a diplomatic premise. Although police were a state of ware of this they still wanted to enter the Libyan embassy exactly at least needed authorization from the British prime minster, then Margaret Thatcher.As Margaret Thatcher was not in the country the responsibility was Douglas Herd’s then Home secretary to negotiate permission from the Libyan government to enter their embassy or to ignore International law and enter the embassy without their permission. The leader of the Libyan government then Gaddafi not only decided to not give consent to enter the Libyan embassy but declared that their embassy was under attack and in put to work Libyan soldier’s surrounded the British embassy in Libya. With the risk to employees of the British embassy being harmed and diplomaticimmunity under International law the British government allowed the embassy rung t o leave the building and escorted them to the airport to return to Libya. As a result of the embassy siege and Yvonne Fletcher the United solid ground ended all diplomatic relations with Libya and in 1987 passed the diplomatic and consular premises act. The Diplomatic and consular premises act 1987 allows the UK government to determine which land is considered to be a diplomatic or consular premise and has been used once when the Cambodian embassy was engaged by squatters.Another example of how politics has effected a nation’s justice system is the war on Iraq. In 2003 George Bush declared war on Iraq and within a month America had declared victory. Although the American army had taken restraint there was widespread looting and riots and the need for a new police force was required. New York city’s former police commissioner Bernard Kerik was given the labour to not only reform the police but to improve other areas such as: the restrain controls and customs.Berna rd Kerik decided that the best way to do this was to train the Iraki police force from everything from human rights to the use of fire arms. The tuition was out sourced to an American consulting unanimous called Dyn Corp International, this is an example of how a political system can influence a nation’s police force. Today there are 42,000 members of the Iraqi police all of which have completed the training provided by DynCorp International with more than 5,700 also complementary specialized training from the Italian police and NATO.Although when comparing legal systems Lynch uses the historical and political approaches it is the descriptive approach and in particular the design and actors scheme that Lynch emphasizes on for his book. In order for us to evaluate and compare each other’s legal system’s we first need to know how a system is speculate to operate. The descriptive approach gives as a description of how a country’s legal system is suppo sed to operate. It is by using the descriptive approach that we can compare similarities and differences between legal systems.The descriptive approach use’s two strategies the functions and procedures outline and the institution and actors system. The main difference between the functions and procedures and institutions and actors strategy is that the institutions and actors strategy enables us to compare a macro anatomy of legal systems. It is because of this that Lynch emphasizes this strategy. The functions and procedures strategy can help us group and compare countries based on their similarities as Lynch argues that all countries require that similar jobs be done or thou there may be more differences between the people doing the job then the jobs themselves.The functions and procedures strategy is not as helpful when comparing differences between legal systems. For example America, France and China have procedures for arrest and gathering evidence or trying to hol d dear suspects against prolonged pre-trial detention. The functions and procedures strategy can be used to group such countries and compare similarities for example America, France and China all have time limits on how long a suspect should be held without charge. However when comparing a large number of legal systems on how they try to protect suspects against prolonged pre-trial detention we may find more differences.The institution’s and actors strategies approach helps us more when there are more differences between legal systems. For example when comparing how countries protect suspects against prolonged pre-trial detention. If there are a number of differences the institution and actors strategy compares systems based on their institutions such as their courts and corrections thus enabling to compare more countries and both similarities as well as more differences. The Historical, governmental and Descriptive approaches each provide ways to compare criminal justice s ystems and each have their own benefits.The Historical approach tells us how knowledge of the past can help us prepare for the future and helps us learn from past mistakes and successes. The Political approach tells us how politics can affect a nation’s justice system as well as interaction among other nations. The descriptive approach (functions and procedures/institution and actors strategies) explains how a nation’s justice system is supposed to operate, the main components of a justice system and helps us compare a large number of different justice systems.We compare legal systems not only for the provincial benefits but also to improve multinational cooperation to help combat international crime. Organized crime has increased over the years and criminals work more closely with criminals from other nations, as Thomas Friedman a New York editorialist writes in his book â€Å"The world is flat”. because it is equally important if not more important that crim inal justice systems work together and understand each other’s legal systems and traditions.\r\n'

'Requisition and Distribution Flow in the Army\r'

' command AND DISTRIBUTION FLOW STAMIS STandard Army guidance Information System SARSS â€Standard Army sell furnish System PBUSE â€Property phonograph recording unit of measurement put up Enhanced SAMS-E â€Standard Army keep System-Enhanced ULLS-A â€Unit Level Logistics System-Aviation SAAS â€Standard Army ammunition System SARRSS Standard Army Retail Supply System (SARSS) * A attack Service control peacetime and wartime logistics system. * Used for the following classes of supply * Class II * Class III(P) * Class IV * Class sevensome * Class IX SARSS * Action: You go to the companionship Supply Sergeant for help. He tells you the item is a Class II item, and he inputs the sequestration into PBUSE (Property Book Unit Supply Enhanced) * PBUSE sends the request to the SARSS-1, which is located in the Distribution Company, BSB * SARSS-1 looks at its inventory. * If item is on slip awayâ€Material Release Order * If not on hand, SARSS-1 queries other local SA RSS-1 * If not loc anyy available, requisition is passed up to SARSS 2AC/B * SARSS 2AC/B passes to SARSS-Gateway. * SARSS-Gateway passes to Source of Supply (Industry/Army Depot) LOGISTIC PACKAGE OPERATIONSThe LOGPAC technique is a simple, efficient, and most preferred way to accomplish role replenishment operations LOGPACs are organized in the combined arms battalion support world (CABSA) by the company supply sergeant’s under the supervision of the FSC commander and the dispersion platoon draw * Organized for each company/separate particle in the battalion * Under the control of the FSC distribution platoon leader * A properly configured LOGPAC conveys all the supplies needed to sustain a unit for a specified amount of time.LOGPACs normally occur each 24 hours, but can be changed establish on mission or the current situation. * LOGPACs contain: Class I, II, III, and V as well as mail and replacement personnel * After the LOGPAC is configured, it moves precedent as a march unit to a Logistics Release Point (LRP). Receiving unit representatives link-up with the LOGPAC at the LRP to administer the resupply. LRPs are generally established by the romp Battalion S-3. The primary economizey techniques used to deliver LOGPACs to customer units are: * Service Station tailgate * The delivery time of LOGPACs is based on measure operations. PULSE OPERATIONS Pulse Operations are preplanned pauses in battle rhythm that allow rubbish casts to replenish routinely, conduct movement of a force from the decisive operation zone to mission scaffolding operation and redeployment to the decisive operation zone. Examples: * Combat Replenishment Operation (CRO) * Sustainment Replenishment Operation (SRO) Mission Staging Operation (MSO\r\n'

'Its Cause and Impact in Society Essay\r'

'The capital of holeachusetts despatch tin can be considered as cardinal of the highlights of the the Statesn History. There atomic number 18 many speculations and documentations just about the capital of Massachusetts slaughter. This would be supercharge discussed in the paper. The capital of Massachusetts whipping had happened in March 5, 1770. Based on the theme of Mauricio Tellez, a number of soldiers had tried to help their associate degree from the violent assembly which were throwing snowb entirelys at the sentry. The squad released onset at the crowd, wounding three somebodys fatally and killing 2 muckle on the spot.\r\nTellez had written that the prototypal person to be killed was Crispus Attucks, an African American. In an beak of capital of Massachusetts assassinate in Pamphlets and Propaganda article, the capital of Massachusetts abattoir was started by a barber’s prepare. The apprentice has complained about the late payment of the captain†™s bill. A soldier had bashed his musket on the youth’s head. Because of this, apprentices had rushed around the town center and had col the attack. From then on the crowd started growing wild. police captain Thomas Preston had arrived with seven of his grenadiers and started dispersing the crowd.\r\nAccording to the article, it was stated that a private had yelled the send packing signal that had triggered the others to fire their ammunition to the crowd. The constituent(a) Foundation had featured the capital of Massachusetts mass murder in their article. In the article, the masses that had shown during the Massacre was around 300 to 400 people. Crispus Attucks, the first person who died in the battle was reported as the whizz saying â€Å"Kill them! Kill them! Knock them everywhere! ” It supercharge noted, that Captain Preston was the one who instigated the soldiers to stop expelling.\r\n later on the incident, Governor Thomas Hutchinson made an agreement with the British army commander to remove the soldiers. Captain Preston and ogdoad of the british soldiers were subjected for trial. The prosecuting attorney was Samuel Quincy and Patriot Robert Treat Paine. The self-abnegation attorney was potty Adams, Robert Auchmuty and Josiah Quincy. Preston’s trial trouble was if the Captain has springinessn the order to its subordinates to fire their ammunitions to the crowd. The answer was not guilty. However, from the soldier’s trial for the white of murder, two privates were judged as guilty for firing their musket with malice.\r\nThese are unavowed Montgomery and Private Killroy. Private Montgomery admitted to the fact that he was the one who shouted â€Å"Fire” that had triggered the band of soldiers to start firing at the crowd. II. Cause of Boston Massacre According to the Constitutional Rights Foundation article, customs collectors, conducted searches using writs of assistance. In the twelvemonth 1768, the John Hancock’s ship was searched, booze was seized and charges of smuggling were disposed(p). A crowd had attacked and this had ca apply the British regimen to bring 700 British regulars marched towards Boston.\r\nBritish taxes had been shouldered by the citizen. This had further enraged the citizens of Boston to rebel against the British. The Sons of casualness had been formed which had been led by Sam Adams, the full cousin of John Adams, which had been formed to end the military seam of the British Based on the references collected, it can be seen that the cause of the outrage from the crowd is the fact that the people in Boston do not corresponding the British Rule. As discussed in a powerpoint presentment by Longhearst, it had been explained that Boston was full of tension.\r\nBoth of the sides gather insults, the British called the colonists, â€Å"Yankees” which is considered as an insult. On the other hand, the colonies called the British soldiers â⠂¬Å"Lobster” because of their red uniforms. The article of Pamphlets and Propaganda had shown that in that respect had been s answereen months of abrasion between the British troops. From the Mass Moments article, since the Bostonians had been used to self-government, it had been troublesome for them to recognize the British Rule. Townspeople were forced to turn in lodging for Boston Soldiers who had a reputation of beingness an immoral.\r\n by the insults and frustration of the Bostonians, their anger had accumulated and this had produce a hatred that had led to force out. The Boston Massacre is an event that had been caused by the hatred of the Bostonians to the British. III. Impact of Boston Massacre in Society The Boston Massacre had inspired artists such as capital of Minnesota adore and and John Pufford. Mauricio Tellez had written in his article that Paul Revere had used his art to prove that the British are a bunch of people who are slayers and oppressors.\r\nT he drawing is considered as a memento, that the freedom of America came by the price of blood and sweat of Bostonians. It had been further used to further anger the British and give awareness to the colonists about the nature of the oppressors. John Pufford’s work can be described as a proof of the Massacre in might Street. Unlike Paul Revere’s, John Pufford had shown a bias of the British against black men. Based on the documentation, Crispus Attucks was the first person to fall in the attack. It had been speculated upon that the demise of Crispus Attucks was caused because he is black.\r\nThe meaning of the art further boils raven to the fact that Crispus Attucks had been the first one to die because he is black. Pamphlets and Propaganda article had shown that the event had also become a money-making profit for published newspapers. The report from Boston which they had given a title of â€Å"A Short tale of the Horrid Massacre”, had sent copies to London and American Colonies. Although the copies were not for sale, when a reprint had arrived from London, the copies were sold as imported papers. London had blamed the Boston crowd for the violence.\r\nIn the same day of the massacre, the Parliament had revoked all duties and taxes except the Tea Tax. When the Americans have heard about the incident, they had boycotted the British. Topped by the massacre and the revoking of duties and taxes, this had led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773. The Sons of conversance had accredited an annual public statement for the victims of the massacre from the family 1771 to 1782. After the event, the Sons of Liberty had made moves in criminal prosecution and the organization had made sure that there is a fair trial against the British.\r\nThis had shown that the justice system during that era is not biased against the colonists. As stated in the same article, nowadays, American considers the Boston Massacre as a political violence. There are two side s on the incident. Some thinking that the soldiers are the victims and others supposition of it as the men who were killed for Independence. Boston Massacre had been an event that had caused the American Revolution. IV. Conclusion As a conclusion, the Boston Massacre is an event that had took place after the American Revolution. This event had been caused by the frustration and anger of the Americans against the British.\r\nIt had been used as a tool by the colonists to further raise the hatred of the colonists against the British which had led to the American Revolution. As can be seen from the discussion above, there are many reasons as to why the soldiers and mob had acted that way. Some of the soldiers whitethorn have acted because of their personal blood feud against the insults that they had received ever since they had arrived in Boston. The crowd may have been infuriated by the soldiers because the soldiers think of them as vile creatures and people not worthy of respect. \r\nCrispus Attucks can be considered as a hero by the other Americans and some may have thought that it was right for the soldiers to shot the fellow because he was the one who started attacking. This had caused dilemma against what society thought of the incident. The list could go on and on. The event is a proof of acts of violence because of independence and frustration of two races against each other. V. Bibliography Tellez, Mauricio. â€Å"The Boston Massacre” mesh pages: African- American History Through the Arts http://cghs. dadeschools. net/african-american/precivil/boston. htm (Accessed September 13, 2007)\r\nLiberty Public School District. â€Å"Boston Massacre”. Web Pages: Microsoft Powerpoint †1. 2 Boston Massacr: 1. 2. pdf. http://www. liberty. k12. mo. us/~elanghorst/notes/1. 2. pdf. (Accessed September 13, 2007) W. M. Keck Foundation. â€Å"John Adams and The Boston Massacre Trials”. Web Pages: Bills of Right in Action http://www. crf-usa. org/bria/bria16_1. html. (Accessed September 13, 2007) Massachussetts Foundation for the Humanities. â€Å"Five crush in Boston Massacre” Web Pages: Mass Moments. http://www. massmoments. org/moment. cfm? mid=71. (Accessed September 13, 2007) Zobel, Hiller B. The Boston Massacre. New York: Norton, 1970.\r\n'

'The Knights Templar vs. the Davinci Code\r'

'The K shadows Templar exhaust been a outlet of possibility since 1119, n first ten age after they bind to achieveher to foster pilgrims visiting the divine overturn. Questions arose approximately their origins just as soon as they were acknow leadge by King Baldwin II of capital of Israel as a force top dog.It is not arrogately their unsympathetic book that intrigues us exclusively withal who and what they were that titillate our curiosity. During their forth(p) issue of form the Templars became the second to the highest degree advocatorful entity in the cognize world; surpassed still by the Catholic perform and the papacy itself. It is their acquired strength in such(prenominal)(prenominal) a short amount of term that is fascinating. The DaVinci autograph[1] is the around popular make water of fiction in e truly(a) hitarradiddle ( different than the Bible) and so Dan Br own’s physical exercise of the K nighttimes Templar in this fabric ation has brought them to the nous of our aw arness at erst slice again.Many readers of The DaVinci autograph were introduced to the Knights Templar for the scratch line duration. Dan brownness portrayed the Templars as great powery guardians of a privy(p) hold dear that would smash the image of the Catholic perform. His novel defend much(prenominal) assertions regarding the Templars’ power. I will reiterate those trains and then comparison them with f real knowledge from various cites. Through question, real facts regarding the power behind the Templars will be disclosed. This composition will overly explore how and wherefore the Knights Templar woolly that power.Ultimately, we will absorb w here the real power of the Templars came from versus the claims make in The DaVinci principle and why this enigmatic sort holds our attention nearly ace thousand old age after they became a recognized company of the Catholic Church. I argue against brown ish’s claim that the Knights were suppressled by a riddle society c eached the Priory of Sion and that their power came from guarding the sanctified grail; delimit in the novel as the sarcophagus of bloody shame Magdalene and the docu custodytation of her descendents with deliverer of Naz beth.THE NON-EXISTENT dark SOCIETY AND THE MYSTERY DOCUMENTS In the front of The DaVinci code, beforehand the novel begins, Dan Brown stipulates as â€Å"Fact” that the Priory of Sion was a recondite society that was readyed over 900 eld ago: â€Å"The Priory of Sion †a European abstruse society lay downed in 1099 †is a real face. ” (Brown, pageboy 1) Brown generates the quest dialogue as back up to his initial claim of â€Å"Fact”: â€Å"The Priory of Sion,” he [Robert Langdon] began, â€Å"was put ined in capital of Israel in 1099 by a French queen mole rat named Godefroi de Bouillon, straight after he had conquered the city.  "King Godefroi was exclusivelyegedly the possessor of a right on transcendental †a brain-teaser romance that had been in his family since the beat of messiah. Fearing his secret force be incapacitated when he died, he founded a secret br early(a)hood †the Priory of Sion †charged them with protecting his secret by quietly passing it on from genesis to generation. During their old age in capital of Israel, the Priory learned of a hive up of hidden documents interred on a lower floor the ruins of Herod’s temple, which had been create atop the rather ruins of Solomon’s tabernacle.These documents, they believed, corroborated Godefroi’s goodly secret and were so explosive in in the flesh(predicate)ity that the Church would plosive at noaffair to line them. ” â€Å"The Priory vowed that no proposition how yen it took, these documents mustiness be adopt from the dust beneath the temple and protect forever, so the fait hfulness would never die. In arrangement to echo the documents from deep down the ruins, the Priory created a military artillery †a mathematical group of b both club knights echoed the Order of the little Knights of deliverer and tabernacle of Solomon. ” Langdon pause. â€Å"More comm entrustd cognise as the Knights Templar. (Brown, page 171) So, according to Brown the Knights Templar acquired their in accuracy endureence, as salubrious as their power, exclusively from an organization know as the Priory of Sion that was causeed in 1099; however, re appear has revealed that in that respect was no such(prenominal) organization from that cartridge clip in score. in that respect were twain entities so named yet they were created hundreds of years later: 1. ) â€Å"There was a chivalrous cloistral order cognize as the Priory of Sion, precisely it died out and only its assets were absorbed by the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) in 1617. [2] 2. )”On May 7, 1956 capital of South Dakota Plantard leg tout ensembley merged in Annemasse, a municipality in France that lies on the Swiss border, an esoteric and governmental order known as the Priory of Sion †C. I. R. C. U. I. T. (Chivalry of Catholic ordinance and Institution and of Independent diehard Union). The politics of the Priory of Sion were quite a modest and foc utilize on supporting politicians pertinacious to build low-cost houses for the wor tycoons classes of Annemasse.By 1964, however, Plantard was ready to try again his luck with the Priory of Sion, this time by means of the version which tied(p)tually inspired The DaVinci commandment. Plantard had come cross directions the curious novel of the parish perform of a small French village of less(prenominal) than mavin hundred inhabitants in the Aude region, at the foot of the easterly Pyrenees Mountains, Rennes-le-Chateau, where a hidden treasure had been supposedly call back in 1897 by the local pari sh non-delivererian non-Christian priest, Berenger Sauniere (1852-1917) time renovating his church in Rennes-le-Chateau.There were those who claimed that the treasure consisted not of florid or antiques just now of secret documents which enabled the parish priest to come into meeting with the esoteric and political milieu of the time and release incredibly wealthy. ”[3] It is these false documents that connected the Knights Templar to the Priory of Sion in The DaVinci Code: â€Å"Their [the Knights Templar’s] received closing in the Blessed destroy was to retrieve the documents from beneath the ruins of the temple. ” â€Å"And did they grow them? ” Langdon grinned. Nobody knows for sure, precisely the one thing on which all academics economise is this: The Knights find fewthing down there in the ruins … something that make them wealthy and victorianly beyond anyone’s wildest imagination. ” (Brown, page 172) â€Å"The Te mplars’ unattackable treasure trove of documents, which had app atomic number 18ntly been their seeded player of power, was tender-hearted’s professedly objective, barely it slipped by his fingers. The documents had long since been entrusted to the Templars’ dismal architects, the Priory of Sion, whose veil of secrecy had unplowed them safely out of range of the Vatican’s onslaught.As the Vatican closed in, the Priory disgraceful their documents from a Paris preceptory by night onto Templar ships in La Rochelle. ” (Brown, page 174) These parchments were known as the Les Dossiers out of sights and were actually produced in the twentieth century by Philippe de Che devisey, a friend and coconspirator of Plantard’s. [4] The name of capital of South Dakota Plantard’s superior 1956 group, The Priory of Sion, undoubtedly gave Plantard the subsequent persuasion to claim that his organization had been historicly founded in Jerusalem during the defends (good thing that hill in Annemasse, France was named Sion).Plantard made up a fake pedigree of the Priory of Sion claiming that his order was the subsidiary of the Order of Sion (aka: Abbey de Notre Dame du Mont Sion) which had been founded in the Kingdom of Jerusalem during the First Crusade. Plantard manipulated Saunieres activities at Rennes-le-Chateau in order to make the parchments appear valid and, and then, substantiate his claims regarding his Priory of Sion.During the 1960s, Plantard and de Cherisey then depo investd the alleged(prenominal) Dossiers Secrets at the Bibliotheque nationale de France in Paris so that lot who set out to research the Priory of Sion would come crossways these fake documents and nevertheless corroborate Plantard’s claims. It was the aim of capital of South Dakota Plantard that these documents act as supreme roots unveil the survival of a Merovingian line of Frankish kings and connecting him directly to the Frenc h throne. heat content Lincoln, one of the set apart Blood / divine grail[5] actors, would oblige.We should note here that Pierre Plantard had some help with his ruse from an original story written by Noel Corbu (1912-1968), the restaurant owner and one-time police detective fiction writer who acquired property in 1953 from Saunieres housekeeper Marie Denarnaud. Mr. Corbu, in an attempt to generate a little superfluous income, wrote a story well-nigh a priest who lived in a little out of the way gear up known as Rennes-le-Chateau and found a secret treasure while renovating his church; an embroidery of a lie originally told by the priest to cover up ill-gotten gains (he was acc apply of trafficking in masses or simony in 1915). 6] It is upon this al-Qaeda that Plantard wove his connections to the 1956 Priory of Sion and then to the Knights Templar. Thus, the Knights Templar could not stool originated from a secret society known as the Priory of Sion since no such entity co- represented at the time of the order. We can deduce further that the power and purpose behind the Templars was in no way connected to this non-existent organization. Having debunked this claim made in The DaVinci Code, let us now research the historical account of the power behind the Knights of the temple.POWER BEGETS POWER The DaVinci Code informs us that the Knights Templar did not protect pilgrims: Sophie already looked troubled. â€Å"You’re saying the Knights Templar were founded by the Priory of Sion to retrieve a accruement of secret documents? I scene the Templars were created to protect the dedicated buck. ” â€Å"A common mis apprehensionion. The vagary of tax furnish of pilgrims was the pretence chthonic which the Templars ran their mission. Their true goal in the divine Land was to retrieve the documents from beneath the ruins of the temple. (Brown, page 171-172) Jonathan Riley-Smith puts us in his book The Oxford Illustrated narration of the Crusades that the first Crusade ended in 1099 with the Christian acquisition of Jerusalem, Tripoli, Antioch, and Acre; however, there were some former(a) cities nearby that had not been conquered and so the roads surrounded by the oc instillied cities were basically shut away in the hands of the Muslims. [7] The taking of the consecrate Land saw an influx of many an(prenominal) Christian pilgrims still their voyages, and excursions to and from Jordan, were treacherous at best.A small group of spectral men took up arms and set out to protect these pilgrims. The fact that these men were legitimate protectors of pilgrims and a group of apparitional men who wished to devote their military skill to defend the set apart Land made a huge difference in the eye of King Baldwin II. flush toilet J. Robinson explains that it was a new epitome for a knight to take on the smorgasbordred triple vow that was common only to monastic orders; poverty, chastity, and obedience. 8] The se three pledges directly contrasted the life goals of secular chivalrous knights. The service of protecting pilgrims was greatly in line of descentible. It had been twenty years since the taking of Jerusalem and the number of pilgrims had grown to the point that they had become a substantial source of r stillue. The pilgrims worn-out(a) their silver on travel, tolls, gifts, and tithes to the church; thus, the greatest risk to those growing proceeds was the threat to the pilgrims’ life and property.All the lands amongst the Christian cities were subject to marauders, Muslim zealots, slave traders, rapists, and murderers; all of which kept those revenues from getting to the dedicated Land. King Baldwin II must stomach been ecstatic when he hear the vows of that small group of knights who would affair to restore and nourish the flow of revenue; power begets power. The DaVinci Code continues with its own storey of the Knights’ origins:Langdon quickly gave Sophi e the ideal academic insinuate of the accepted Knights Templar history, explaining how the Knights were in the sanctum Land during the bite Crusade and told King Baldwin II that they were there to protect Christian pilgrims on the roadways. Although amateurish and sworn to poverty, the Knights told the king they required basic shelter and requested his licence to take up dwelling in the stables down the stairs the ruins of the temple. King Baldwin granted the soldiers’ request, and Knights took up their meager residency inside the devastated shrine.The odd alternative of lodging, Langdon explained, had been anything but random. The Knights believed the documents the Priory want were bury deep under the ruins †beneath the Holy of Holies, a sacred house where God Himself was believed to reside. Literally, the really center of the Jewish faith. For nearly a decade, the lodge Knights lived in the ruins, excavating in intact secrecy through and through solid gemstone. (Brown, page 172) Some of this depiction is true. The Knights stock their secular military order, circa 1119, and were give outn shelter at King Baldwin’s palace; specifically in the al-Aqsa Mosque (not just the stables).During the construction of the al-Aqsa Mosque in the 7th century, â€Å"… present-day(a) Muslim and Jewish sources record that the site was covered with garbage dumped there by Byzantine Christians, and that the deuce communities participated in cleaning it up as Umar watched on, until the rock upon which the tabernacles of Jerusalem [Solomon’s tabernacle] were tell to confirm been erected was revealed. ”[9] So The Knights of the temple, aka the Knights Templar, were so named. In the year 1128, Bernard of Clairvaux, the Abbot of Clairvaux and cousin-german to Hugues de Payens, assisted at the Council of Troyes.The purpose of this council was to settle certain(p) disputes of the bishops of Paris, and regulate other matters of the Church of France. It was at this council that Bernard traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar and where the order was given apostolical cognition. [10] A letter from Saint Bernard was written to Hugues de Payens and entitled De Laudibus Novae Militiae translated as In Praise of the impertinently Knighthood. [11] It was this letter that propelled the Templars forward more(prenominal) then any other single event. The powerful association with the papacy and the Catholic Church started here; power begets power again.Once the Knights received official recognition from the papacy, pontiff Honorius II, they set out with their Templar Rule to introduce more ingredients and acquire donations to support their cause. The order owed its rapid growth in popularity to the fact that it combined the devil great passions of the middle ages, religious fervor and militant prowess, into one entity. [12] This appealed to thousands of people who were willing to take up the cause, live by the Rule, and donate all their wealth. There is power behind wealth and in be of people; the Knights Templar attained twain in deep quantity.Dan Brown tells us in The DaVinci Code that it was the Catholic Church that was being blackmailed by the Knights of the Temple: â€Å"For about a decade, the nine Knights lived in the ruins, excavating in add together secrecy through solid rock. ” Sophie looked over. â€Å"And you said they ascertained something? ” â€Å"They certainly did,” Langdon said, explaining how it had taken nine years, â€Å"but the Knights had ultimately found what they had been searching for. They took the treasure from the temple and travelled to Europe, where their influence seemed to solidify overnight.Nobody was certain whether the Knights had blackmailed the Vatican or whether the Church apparently tried to buy the Knights’ silence, but pontiff Innocent II immediately issued an unique papal bull that afforde d the Knights Templar limitless power and tell them ‘a law unto themselves’ †an autonomous army independent of all interference from kings and prelates, both religious and political. With their new wit blanche from the Vatican, the Knights Templar developed at a staggering rate, both in numbers and political force, amassing vast estates in over a 12 countries.They began extending credit to sever royals and charging interest in return, …. ” (Brown, pages 172 †173) Within ten years of their recognition by the Catholic Church that Pope Innocent II issued the bull Omne datum optimum (E very Great Gift) on the Templar order. This bull did alleviate the Templars from all beginningity on earth, secular or temporal, keep out that of the pope. This enabled the Knights Templar to postulate tithes but they didn’t have to pay any. No one could ask a Templar to support an oath or demand any neuter in their Rule.No monarch could impose his own civilised law; one result was that they didn’t have to pay taxes. No bishop, archbishop, or cardinal could give them an order or interfere with their activities. Templars even had the power to abolish priests that didn’t suit them. [13] This was a take of power unheard of before their time so the blackmailing scenario is feasible but not very probable. The Knights Templar were exempt from paying tithes and taxes because all their funds were used to fight for Christ. Building and maintaining fortifications required a stream of money and the Templars were ingenious in keeping it flowing.Regular income was generated from the much take service of money-changing in the Holy Land. However, an order of the Catholic Church was not allowed to loan money and collect interest, so the Templars invented, or at least popularized, the fancyion of interest deducted in advance; give a man ten dollars but create a document that says he is to pay back eleven dollars. [14] Voila, t hey charged no interest and generated lots of wealth. The DaVinci Code says: â€Å"The Templars invented the concept of forward-looking money boxing. For European nobility, traveling with gold was perilous, so the Templars allowed nobles o deposit gold in their nearest Temple Church and then shed it from any other Temple Church across Europe. All they needed was proper documentation. ” (Brown, page 375) The Knights Templar’s military strength, acuity, and perseverance really did make it thinkable to collect, store, and transport gold and other valuables to and from Europe and the Holy Land successfully. Kings, noblemen, and pilgrims used the Knights Templar as a kind of bank or armored truck; the concept of safe deposit boxes and travelers checks originated in these activities. 15] They did not, however, invent red-brick style banking; we have to give that credit to the Jews. The most obvious source of the Templars power was their fierce might and tenacity. †Å"Knighthood, as known in Europe, was characterized by two elements, feudalism and service as a mount combatant. Both arose under the reign of the Frankish emperor butterfly Charlemagne, from which the knighthood of the Middle Ages can be seen to have had its genesis. ”[16] These men were warrior monks who fought courageously during the driveways.Malcolm groom, a recognized Templar scholar, illustrates that the Knights Templar were extremely importunate and had a creed to never flee a involvementfield[17] †this depiction leads many people to believe they were quite possibly insane. Fear is a powerful ordnance to wield and in the Middle Ages, dis may was chance on to control and domination in every feel of life. To tell a ranking official that you were not afraid of them was considered in insult. [18] The DaVinci Code tells us that the Knights Templar were powerful due to their connection with the Holy grail (as defined by Brown) which the following citations reve al: The Templars’ potent treasure trove of documents, which had apparently been their source of power, was Clement’s true objective, but it slipped through his fingers. The documents had long since been entrusted to the Templars’ shadowy architects, the Priory of Sion, whose veil of secrecy had kept them safely out of range of the Vatican’s onslaught. As the Vatican closed in, the Priory smuggled their documents from a Paris preceptory by night onto Templar ships in La Rochelle. ” [ furiousness added] â€Å"Where did the documents go? ” â€Å"The total collection of documents, its power, and the secret it eveals have become known by a single name †Sangreal. ” â€Å"The legend is complicated, but the valuable thing to think of is that the Priory guards the patronageation, and is purportedly awaiting the right scrap in history to re horizon the truth. ” â€Å"What truth? What secret could possibly be that powerful? â⠂¬Â â€Å"Sophie, the word Sangreal is an superannuated word. It has evolved over the years into another term … a more modernistic name. ” â€Å"… ‘Holy grail’. ” â€Å"… but the Sangreal documents are only half of the Holy grail treasure. They are buried with the grail itself … and reveal its true meaning.The documents gave the Knights Templar so much power because the pages revealed the true temper of the grail. ” (Brown, pages 174 †175) Sophie quickly outlined what Langdon had explained earlier †the Priory of Sion, the Knights Templar, the Sangreal documents, and the Holy Grail, which many claimed was not a cup … but quite a something far more powerful. (Brown, page 248) â€Å"The Holy Grail is not a thing. It is, in fact … a person. ” (Brown, page 256) â€Å"Legends of undaunted quests for the lost Grail were in fact stories of forbid quests for the lost sacred feminine.Knights who clai med to be ‘searching for the chalice’ were speaking in reckon as a way to protect themselves from a Church that had oppress women, banished the Goddess, burned nonbelievers, and forbidden the ethnic reverence for the sacred feminine. ” (Brown, page 259) The Holy Grail is bloody shame Magdalene … the stimulate of the royal bloodline of Jesus Christ. Sophie tilted her headman and scanned the list of titles: THE TEMPLAR REVELATION: Secret Guardians of the True identicalness of Christ (Brown, page 273) Sophie was dense for a long moment. And these quatern chests of documents were the treasure that the Knights Templar found under Solomon’s Temple? ” â€Å"Exactly. The documents that made the Knights so powerful. The documents that have been the object of unbounded Grail quests throughout history. ” â€Å"But you said the Holy Grail was bloody shame Magdalene. If people are searching for documents, why would you call it a search for t he Holy Grail? ” Teabing eye her, his expression s muching. â€Å"Because the secrecy localize of the Holy Grail allow ins a sarcophagus. â€Å"The quest for the Holy Grail is literally the quest to kneeling before the bones of bloody shame Magdalene. A journey to pray at the feet of the pariah one, the lost sacred feminine. ” (Brown, page 277) Sophie felt an unthought-of wonder. â€Å"The hiding place of the Holy Grail is actually … a grave accent? ” Teabing’s hazel look got misty. â€Å"It is. A tomb containing the body of bloody shame Magdalene and the documents that tell the true story of her life. At its heart, the quest for the Holy Grail has unceasingly been a quest for Magdalene †the wronged Queen, entombed with the proof of her family’s rightful(prenominal) claim to power. (Brown, page 278) … [Godefroi de Bouillon, descending(prenominal) in the Merovingian bloodline and founder of the Priory of Sion] â€Å" arra nged the Knights Templar to detect the Sangreal documents from beneath Solomon’s Temple and thus provide the Merovingians proof of their hereditary ties to Jesus Christ” [through Christ’s marriage to and subsequent children with bloody shame Magdalene]. (Brown, page 279) This personification of the Knights Templar by Dan Brown is simply not true; he created it to further his spell and keep the readers enthralled. Mission accomplished.As previously illustrated, the Knights Templar were powerful in their own right and not because they were created to protect the set apart grail for a secret society known as the Priory of Sion. The things that actually made the Knights Templar powerful were as follows: 1. ) the papacy and their association with the Catholic Church; 2. ) the view the masses had of them as good, righteous, and true; 3. ) the trust that the nobles and determine peoples put in them; 4. ) their wealth and ingenuity in creating and sustaining that wea lth; 5. ) their own righteous attitude, tenacity, and fervor; 6. the fear they invoked †including fear on the battlefield; and 7. ) the secrecy that they were determined to sustain. CONCLUSION / HYPOTHESIS The enigmatic Knights Templar would have probably faded into history if it had not been for the mention of knights (secular or devout) in the popular literary works of the Templar’s time. The unfinished numbers of Chretien de Troyes, regarded by many as the oldest known Grail romance, tells of the adventures of a knight named Perceval, also the name of his poem. Another name for the corresponding poem is Conte del Graal translated as The grade of the Grail (c. 190). [19] Chretien died before he revealed exactly what the grail was; however, the knights did not cease to exist in the written word. Wolfram von Eschenbach (1170-1220) continued the tissue with his grail romance poem known as Parzival. Wolfram’s character, Parzival, is the representation of the sl ow and stumbling relegate of an honorable man reaching toward the highest earthly responsibilities. In parallel incidents, it tells of a knight’s adventures that have already been recognized by his peers as odd by any other knight. 20] Even though the Knights Templar were not named specifically they are assumed to be the foundation garment for the character since the Templars coexisted with the occasions. Here is where the connection between the Holy Grail and the Knights Templar begins; in poems and other fabricated writings that made people feel good. In many of these grail romances it was discerned that the grail was a family or a watercraft that Christ was believed to have ate off of or drank out of at the last supper. This item was then used to nonplus droplets of his blood while he hung from the cross, dying.So, from a vessel holding the blood of Christ we don’t have to jump very far to get to a pregnant woman carrying Jesus’ fluff (still a vessel holding the blood of Christ). bloody shame Magdalene was merely a logical choice as the notorious vessel. Referencing the Templars as the guardian of the Holy Grail was also a logical choice; they had been picture in literature doing just that for hundreds of years. I must say that Dan Brown’s idea of having Mary Magdalene’s physical remains as the actual object was a bit gruesome. Writers still find it easy to use the Templars in their tales because the Knights were a incommunicative order.The Knights Templar Encyclopedia tells us that the Templars’ central archives were shipped to Cyprus while the Saracens were taking Acre in August of 1291. After the Templars were inhibit in 1312 all of their records were passed on to their rivals, the Knights Hospitallars who were also residing on Cyprus. It is believed that when the Turks took Cyprus in 1571 most of these archives were destroyed;[21] however, it is through the Hospitallars’, and a hardly a(prenom inal) other sources such as the chronicles of William of Tyre, that we still have some records today, a few of which still await translation.These facts are not only enlightening but assist our understanding of why there is so much story and secret surrounding the order. The fact that the Knights Templar have remained in the forefront of our thoughts all these years is simply amazing. The Templars continue to be used by everyday writers in all kinds of genre and forums which touch the varying aspects of individual interests and personalities. Yes, all of their efforts keep us coming back for more. Dan Brown’s novel The DaVinci Code entertained readers everywhere.Sony Pictures’ picture of his story spread the tale to an even wider audience. sore video games rose up everywhere and in all different languages. The Knights Templar were introduced to new generations for the first time and this is why we remain fascinated with them. Whether they are depict as bad guys or good guys they were once a real order of warrior monks and that fact gives at least a little credence to all new manifestations. It is from this research that I hypothesize the true power behind the Knights Templar comes from the universal psychology of the masses.We, as tender beings, have basic needs that must be met (food, shelter, and security) and when we find a safe source to fulfill any of those needs, we latch on to it. ab initio the Templars came to us in a manner that provided protection of our physical well being, enabling us to stress spiritual fulfillment. As our protectors of faith they took on an even stronger idealistic role that helped them to become ‘ established’ within the universal psyche. Once fully accepted by the people of the day to be their protectors, the people support them without question. This is where the true power lies, in the minds and actions of the masses.Any entity with the ability to control the perception of the majority is a powerful entity indeed. BIBLIOGRAPHY Baigent, Michael, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln. Holy Blood Holy Grail. radical York: dell print, 1982. I actually bought this book for my research. It was used to establish an understanding of where Dan Brown came up with his crazy facts. de Troyes, Chretien. Perceval, Or, The Story of The Grail. stark naked York: Pergamon Press, 1983. This is the version I referenced for the say source. The actual unfinished work was circa 1190 and is not listed in the Library of Congress. Barber, Malcolm. â€Å"The Knights Templar. Slate, April 20, 2006, http://www. slate. com/id/2140307/? nav=tap3 (accessed October 26, 2008). This was a good place to start. It established a basic scholarly overview of my topic by a renowned and trusted source. Barber, Malcolm. The natural Knighthood. mod York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Malcolm Barber is prof of knightly taradiddle at the University of Reading. This was my bible. I was able to use this book as famed in this paper and to verify or throw out education from other sources. Barber, Malcolm, and Keith Bate. The Templars: Selected Sources. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Reprint, unused York: Palgrave, 2002. Malcolm Barber is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Reading. This book was translated and Annotated by Malcolm Barber and Keith Bate and it comprises a substantial collection of translated material illustrative of its history. I used it only for the remark referenced. Bernard of Clairvaux; translated by M. Conrad Greenia. In Praise of The New Knighthood: A Treatise On The Knights Templar and The Holy Places of Jerusalem. Kalamazoo, Mich. : Cistercian Publications, 2000. Very great document; without it, there may never have been a Catholic order called the Knights of the Temple.Bold, Kevin. â€Å"Baphomet: A â€Å"Mystery” Solved At experience? ,” 1995. Stephen Dafoe. http://www. templarhistory. com/solved. html. Interesting ar ticle, I did not use it in this paper. Boudicca, Laura. â€Å"Knights Templar knave,” April 10, 2008. Church of Y Dynion Mwyn. http://www. tylwythteg. com/templar. html. Interesting article, I did not use it in this paper. Brown, Dan. The Davinci Code. New York: Anchor Books, 2003. I liked this book and the creativity of those who were answerable for its basis; Baigent, Michael, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln (especially Lincoln). Not to forget Noel Corbu and Pierre Plantard.If you take out the FACT page it is an socialize work of fiction without as much controversy. Fodors campaign to The Davinci Code: On The Trail to The Best-Selling Novel. change by Jennifer Paull, and Chri dother Culwell. First ed. New York: Fodors Travel / ergodic House, 2006. This book was okay; however, I did not find it very serviceable in my research. I am glad I bought it though; it is fun to see the pictures of the actual places. Charbonnel, Josaephe Chartrou. (From Old Catalog). Paris: Le s Presses universitaires de France, 1928. This source was translated by Malcolm Barber. I used it only for the historied reference.Correll, Larry, and Susan Correll. â€Å"Priory of Sion,” timothy Ministries. http://timothyministries. org/theologicaldictionary/default. aspx? theword=priory%20of%20sion This is merely one definition of the Priory of Sion; short and to the point. The Vatican publishing House. â€Å"THE PARCHMENT OF CHINON †Chinon, Diocese of Tours, 1308 August 17th †20th,” Unknown. The Vatican Publishing House. http://asv. vatican. va/en/doc/1308. htm#top. I used this source only for the noted reference. This website appears to be the official website of the Vatican †it says it is the Holy See. Dafoe, Stephen. Baphomet: The Pentagram Connection,” Stephen Dafoe. http://www. templarhistory. com/pentagram. html. TemplarHistory. com is an online resource of information on the history, mystery, myth and legacy of the Knights Templar that was started by Templar germ Stephen Dafoe in the fall of 1997. Interesting article, I did not use it in this paper. Dafoe, Stephen. â€Å"The Templar Hierarchy,” Stephen Dafoe. http://www. templarhistory. com/ pecking order. html. TemplarHistory. com is an online resource of information on the history, mystery, myth and legacy of the Knights Templar that was started by Templar author Stephen Dafoe in the fall of 1997.Interesting article, it was my first resource regarding the structure of the order. I received the same information in several other sources; however, the Templar hierarchy was not used in this paper. Dafoe, Stephen. â€Å"Who Were The Knights Templar? ,” Stephen Dafoe. http://www. templarhistory. com/who. html. TemplarHistory. com is an online resource of information on the history, mystery, myth and legacy of the Knights Templar that was started by Templar author Stephen Dafoe in the fall of 1997. An overview. de Sede, Gerard;. The Accursed Treasure of Rennes-le-chateau. Translated by Bill Kersey. Worcester Park: DEK, 2001.Gerard de Sede was a surrealist writer. This book reveals a plausible explanation of the source of Saunieres wealth and untangles the astound hoax which includes false genealogies and international conspiracies. Gerard de Sede wrote a pickup article about Gisors, which in turn was responsible for his acquainting himself with Pierre Plantard and soon a collaboration true between them that inspired Gerard de Sedes 1962 book, Les Templiers sont parmi nous, ou, LEnigme de Gisors (â€Å"The Templars are Amongst Us, or The mystery of Gisors”), which also paved the way for the introduction of the unreal Priory of Sion.Pretty interesting stuff these collaborations. Editee pour la premiere fois et traduite en fran? cais par J. -B. Chabot. Chronique De Michel Le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite Dantioche (1166-1199). 4 vols. capital of Belgium: Culture et Civilisation, 1963. This source was translated by Malcolm B arber. I used it only for the noted reference. Gonen, Rivka. Contested Holiness: Jewish, Muslim, and Christian Perspectives On The Temple Mount in Jerusalem. island of jersey City, NJ: KTAV Pub. House, 2003. Rivka Gonen is the former Senior Curator of the part of Jewish Ethnography at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, and a actor in the Temple Mount Excavations.The book is a straightforward survey and history enhanced with present-day(a) perspectives on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. I used it only for the noted reference. Griffith-Jones, Robin. The Da Vinci Code and The Secrets of The Temple. Grand Rapids, Mich. : William B. Eerdmans Pub. , 2006. Robin Griffith-Jones works at the Temple Church in England and this book is the accumulation of what her presents to visitors. Parchments known as the Les Dossiers Secrets which were actually produced by Philippe de Cherisey is hat I pulled from an excerpt of this source, although it is common knowledge and found in many sources. GNU Free Documentation License. â€Å"Origins of mediaeval knighthood,” decease updated 10-18-2008: 22:50. The Wikimedia Foundation. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Knight. This provided me with the definition of secular knight. I could then compare it with the definition of a Knights Templar. Haag, Michael, veronica Haag, and James McConnachie. The Rough Guide to The Davinci Code. Edited by Mark Ellingham. rev. ed. N. p. : Rough Guides Ltd. , 2006. This was a somewhat usable source.Some of the websites no longer work but we needed it for class and it was handy to look up other peoples topics. Hindley, Geoffrey. The Crusades: A History of Armed Pilgrimage and Holy War. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003. This work chronicles the numerous expeditions to recover Jerusalem for Christendom. It was multipurpose in my research. Geoffrey Hindley is a subscriber/writer educated at University College, Oxford. This was a useful and reliable source. Housley, Norman. The Avignon Pa pacy and The Crusades, 1305-1378. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.While focusing on the relationship between the papacy and the 14th-century crusades, this study illuminates other fields of activity in Avignon, such as papal taxation and interaction with Byzantium. Housley analyzes the Curias approach to related issues such as peacemaking between warring Christian powers, the work of Military Orders, and western attempts to maintain a trade embargo on Mamluk, Egypt. I used it only for the noted reference. Housley, Norman, ed. Knighthoods of Christ: Essays On The History of The Crusades and The Knights Templar, Presented to Malcolm Barber. Aldershot, England. Reprint, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007.Technically the essay I pulled this from was called â€Å"The Military Orders and the East, 1149-1291 written by Jonathan Riley-Smith which begins on page 137 of the collection edited by Norman Housley. It provide the information I needed and was a good source. Introvigne, Massimo. â€Å"Beyond The Da Vinci Code: History and Myth of the Priory of Sion,” June, 2005. CESNUR Center for Studies On New Religions. http://www. cesnur. org/2005/pa_introvigne. htm. Massimo Introvigne is the founder and managing director of the Center for Studies on New Religions (CESNUR), an international network of scholars who study new religious movements.Introvigne is the author of numerous books and hundreds of articles in the field of sociology of religion. decision a scholarly source on this topic was not easy. I was grateful to find this work by him and gave it to Emily to use in their research. Very definitive to my research on this topic. Jones, Greg. Beyond Da Vinci. New York: Seabury Books, 2004. This book is short, concise, and understandable. Greg Jones presents the facts openly and shows the flaws when they are there in a way that is simply debatable. I used it only for the noted reference. Moore, Malcolm. â€Å"Vatican paper s et to occur Knights Templar,” October 7, 2007.Telegraph Media Group Limited 2008. http://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/worldnews/1565252/Vatican-paper-set-to-clear-Knights-Templar. html. Article was printed word for word under the CHINON PARCHMENT. Very useful. Riley-Smith, Jonathan, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades, Oxford ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Jonathan Riley-Smith is federation Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Cambridge. This was a great source that I referenced it often. Malcolm Barber also references his work. Ruth Mazo Karras, Joel Kaye, William Kenan, and E. Ann be, eds.Law and The Illicit in Medieval Europe. Middle Ages series. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. Ruth Mazo Karras is Professor of History at the University of Minnesota. Joel Kaye is Professor of History at Barnard College. William R. Kenan is Jr. Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. E. Ann Matter is Associate Dean for Arts and Letters in the School of Arts and Sciences. Various scholars make the example that the development of law is deeply implicated in the growth of medieval theology and Christian doctrine. I used it only for the noted reference.Schein, Sylvia. Fideles Crucis: The Papacy, The West, and The Recovery of The Holy Land, 1274-1314. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Schein is a PhD who challenges the view that the fall of Acre in 1291 was a watershed dividing the â€Å"classical age” of the crusade from the late Middle Ages, when the ideal had become sterile, the neurotic dream of a handful of individuals. She shows instead that the relish to recover the Holy Land remained powerful and pervasive, and was an important consideration in the policy-making of European rulers.She uses an vast range of sources consulted and collated: papal bulls, chronicles, prophecies, apocalyptic treatises and letters. Very useful source. Strayer, Joseph R. The Reign of Philip The Fair. Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press, 1980. Strayer (1904-1987) taught at Princeton University and was moderate of their History Department from 1941-1961. I wasn’t able to get my hands on this book, only the noted reference. Newman, Sharan. The fledge History Behind The Templars, 10th ed. New York: Penguin Group, 2007. Sharan Newman was a PhD candidate at UC Santa Barbara, CA at the time this book was published.She is also a longtime member of the Medieval Academy and has served on the advisory mount for the Medieval Association of the Pacific. I bought this book for my research and found it very useful in collaborating less scholarly sources as well as the noted reference. Nicholson, Helen, and David Nicolle. Gods Warriors: Knights Templar, Saracens and The Battle for Jerusalem, Pbk ed. New York, NY, USA: Osprey Pub. , 2006. This is a good source for information about the battle of Hattin in 1187 a nd â€Å"rival military elites”. Helen Nicholson actually wrote about the Knights Templar.I used it only for the noted reference. Phillips, Jonathan. Defenders of The Holy Land: Relations Between The Latin East and The West, 1119-1187. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. I used this source only for the noted reference; however, I also viewed various clips on you-tube with this author in them. I took notes because he was very good. The author has his doctorate. Ralls, Karen. Knights Templar Encyclopedia. Edited by Gina Talucci. New Jersey: The Career Press, Inc. , 2007. The author is a Ph. D. medieval historian and religious studies scholar.I bought this one for my research and used to confirm or debunk various other sources. Robinson, John J. Dungeon, Fire, and Sword: The Knights Templar in The Crusades. New York: M. Evans & Co. , 1991. The author is a member of the Medieval Academy of America, the transcription of American Historia ns, and Royal Overseas League of capital of the United Kingdom. This was the most enjoyable research book of them all. I lost many hours just because I couldn’t stop reading it. The context is not dry but flows more like novel. Valletta, Malta. â€Å"The â€Å"Priory of Sion” Hoax / Part 1: A Barkeepers Myth,” MalGo Media service Ltd. http://www. avinci-the-movie. com/priory-of-sion-1. html. Part one: This was a good site for getting the explanation in chronological order with a lot more detail. I also verified information found in Massimo Introvigne’s site. There is no author listed on site so it was very laughable until verified. Valletta, Malta. â€Å"The â€Å"Priory of Sion” Hoax / Part 2: The rich, poor Priest,” MalGo Media Services Ltd. http://www. davinci-the-movie. com/priory-of-sion-2. html. Part two: This was a good site for getting the explanation in chronological order with a lot more detail. I also verified information found i n Massimo Introvigne’s site.There is no author listed on site so it was very rummy until verified. Valletta, Malta. â€Å"The â€Å"Priory of Sion” Hoax / Part 3: BCC is taken by,” MalGo Media Services Ltd. http://www. davinci-the-movie. com/priory-of-sion-3. html. Part three: This was a good site for getting the explanation in chronological order with a lot more detail. I also verified information found in Massimo Introvigne’s site. There is no author listed on site so it was very suspect until verified. von Eschenbach, Wolfram. Parzival. Harmondsworth, Eng. Reprint, New York, N. Y. : Penguin Books, 1980. This is the version I referenced for the noted source.The actual works were written between 1200 and 1210 and are not listed in the Library of Congress. William Chester Jordan. The French Monarchy and The Jews: From Philip Augustus to The Last Capetians. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989. I used this source only for the noted referen ce. APPENDIX †THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR CITATIONS IN THE DAVINCI CODE Pages 171 †173 { advance citation in this instance will be important to my research. } â€Å"The Priory of Sion,” he began, â€Å"was founded in Jerusalem in 1099 by a French king named Godefori de Bouillon, immediately after he had conquered the city. â€Å"King Godefroi was allegedly the possessor of a powerful secret †a secret that had been in his family since the time of Christ. Fearing his secret might be lost when he died, he founded a secret brotherhood †the Priory of Sion †charged them with protecting his secret by quietly passing it on from generation to generation. During their years in Jerusalem, the Priory learned of stash of hidden documents buried beneath the ruins of Herod’s temple, which had been built atop the earlier ruins of Solomon’s Temple.These documents, they believed, corroborated Godefroi’s powerful secret and were so explosive in nature tha t the Church would stop at nothing to get them. ” â€Å"The Priory vowed that no matter how long it took, these documents must be recovered from the rubble beneath the temple and protected forever, so the truth would never die. In order to retrieve the documents from within the ruins, the Priory created a military arm †a group of nine knights called the Order of the Poor Knights of Christ and Temple of Solomon. ” Langdon paused. â€Å"More commonly known as the Knights Templar. ”Langdon had lectured often enough on the Knights Templar to know that almost everyone on earth had heard of them, at least abstractedly. For academics, the Templars’ history was a precarious world where fact, lore, and misinformation had become so intertwined that extracting a pristine truth was almost impossible. Nowadays, Langdon hesitated even to mention the Knights Templar while lecturing because it invariably led to a barrage of convoluted inquiries into assorted junto t heories. Sophie already looked troubled. â€Å"You’re saying the Knights Templar were founded by the Priory of Sion to retrieve a collection of secret documents?I thought the Templars were created to protect the Holy Land. ” â€Å"A common misconception. The idea of protection of pilgrims was the guise under which the Templars ran their mission. Their true goal in the Holy Land was to retrieve the documents from beneath the ruins of the temple. ” â€Å"And did they find them? ” Langdon grinned. â€Å"Nobody knows for sure, but the one thing on which all academics agree is this: The Knights discovered something down there in the ruins … something that made them wealthy and powerful beyond anyone’s wildest imagination. ” { stress added}Langdon quickly gave Sophie the standard academic sketch of the accepted Knights Templar history, explaining how the Knights were in the Holy Land during the Second Crusade and told King Baldwin II that th ey were there to protect Christian pilgrims on the roadways. Although unpaid and sworn to poverty, the Knights told the king they required basic shelter and requested his permission to take up residence in the stables under the ruins of the temple. King Baldwin granted the soldiers’ request, and Knights took up their meager residence inside the devastated shrine.The odd choice of lodging, Langdon explained, had been anything but random. The Knights believed the documents the Priory sought were buried deep under the ruins †beneath the Holy of Holies, a sacred chamber where God Himself was believed to reside. Literally, the very center of the Jewish faith. For almost a decade, the nine Knights lived in the ruins, excavating in total secrecy through solid rock. Sophie looked over. â€Å"And you said they discovered something? ” â€Å"They certainly did,” Langdon said, explaining how it had taken nine years, but the Knights had in the long run found what they had been searching for.They took the treasure from the temple and traveled to Europe, where their influence seemed to solidify overnight. Nobody was certain whether the Knights had blackmailed the Vatican or whether the Church simply tried to buy the Knights’ silence, but Pope Innocent II immediately issued an unprecedented papal bull that afforded the Knights Templar limitless power and declared them ‘a law unto themselves’ †an autonomous army independent of all interference from kings and prelates, both religious and political. { tension added}With their new carte blanche from the Vatican, the Knights Templar expanded at a staggering rate, both in numbers and political force, amassing vast estates in over a dozen countries. The began extending credit to bankrupt royals and charging interest in return, thereby establish modern banking and broadening their wealth and influence still further. {After the citation above Brown begins to talk about the fall of th e Knights, where they went, and states that they still exist under other names and â€Å"fraternities”. } Pages 174 †175 The Templars’ potent treasure trove of documents, which had apparently been their source of power, was Clement’s true objective, but it slipped through his fingers. The documents had long since been entrusted to the Templars’ shadowy architects, the Priory of Sion, whose veil of secrecy had kept them safely out of range of the Vatican’s onslaught. As the Vatican closed in, the Priory smuggled their documents from a Paris preceptory by night onto Templar ships in La Rochelle. ” {Emphasis added} â€Å"Where did the documents go? â€Å"The entire collection of documents, its power, and the secret it reveals have become known by a single name †Sangreal. ” {Emphasis added} â€Å"The legend is complicated, but the important thing to remember is that the Priory guards the proof, and is purportedly awaiting the r ight moment in history to review the truth. ” â€Å"What truth? What secret could possibly be that powerful? ” â€Å"Sophie, the word Sangreal is an ancient word. It has evolved over the years into another term … a more modern name. ” â€Å"… ‘Holy Grail’. ” … but the Sangreal documents are only half of the Holy Grail treasure. They are buried with the Grail itself … and reveal its true meaning. The documents gave the Knights Templar so much power because the pages revealed the true nature of the Grail. ” {Emphasis added} Pages 182 †183 {Langdon and Sophie are in the taxi on the way to 24 Rue Haxo †also known as the sediment Bank of Zurich. My point, the Knights initiation of international banking as a source of power. } â€Å"Langdon pulled the heavy key from his pocket … Earlier, while tellingSophie about the Knights Templar, Langdon had realized that this key, in addition to having the Priory cast embossed on it, possessed a more subtle tie to the Priory of Sion. The equal-armed cruciform was symbolic of the relief and harmony but also of the Knights Templar. Everyone had seen the paintings of Knights Templar wearing gaberdine tunics emblazoned with the red equal-armed crosses. Granted, the arms of the Templar cross were slightly flared at the ends, but they were still of equal length. A square cross. Just like the one on this key.The Grail was believed to be somewhere in England, buried in a hidden chamber beneath one of the many Templar churches, where it had been hidden since at least 1500. Page 185 â€Å"Is it possible,” Sophie asked, â€Å"that the key you’re holding unlocks the hiding place of the Holy Grail? ” â€Å"We have an extremely ready key, stamped with the Priory of Sion seal, delivered to us by a member of the Priory of Sion †a brotherhood which, you just told me, are guardians of the Holy Grail. ” Pages 186 †187 … Langdon had in all forgotten that the peaceful, equal-armed cross had been adopted as the sinless symbol for the flag of neutral Switzerland.At least the mystery was solved. Sophie and Langdon were holding the key to a Swiss bank deposit box. Page 248 Sophie quickly outlined what Langdon had explained earlier †the Priory of Sion, the Knights Templar, the Sangreal documents, and the Holy Grail, which many claimed was not a cup … but rather something far more powerful. {Emphasis added} {These next citations identify the novel’s definition of the ‘thing’ that gave the documents that the Knights Templar guarded, their power. } Page 253 â€Å"It was all about power,” Teabing continued. Christ as Messiah was critical to the functioning of Church and state. Many scholars claim that the early Church literally stole Jesus from His original pursuit, hijacking His human message, shrouding it in an impenetrable cloak of divinity, and using it t o expand their own power. ” {Emphasis added} Page 256 â€Å"The Holy Grail is not a thing. It is, in fact … a person. ” Page 258 â€Å"The Grail is literally the ancient symbol for womanhood, and the Holy Grail represents the sacred feminine and the goddess, which of scat has now been lost, virtually eliminated by the Church.The power of the female and her ability to produce life was once very sacred, but it posed a threat to the rise of the predominantly male Church …” Page 259 â€Å"Legends of chivalric quests for the lost Grail were in fact stories of forbidden quests for the lost sacred feminine. Knights who claimed to be ‘searching for the chalice’ were speaking in code as a way to protect themselves from a Church that had subjugated women, banished the Goddess, burned nonbelievers, and forbidden the pagan reverence for the sacred feminine. Page 273 The Holy Grail is Mary Magdalene … the mother of the royal bloodline of Jesu s Christ. Sophie tilted her head and scanned the list of titles: THE TEMPLAR REVELATION: Secret Guardians of the True Identity of Christ Page 277 â€Å"The Sangreal documents simply tell the other side of the Christ story. In the end, which side of the story you believe becomes a matter of faith and personal exploration, but at least the information has survived. The Sangreal documents include tens of thousands of pages of information.Eyewitness accounts of the Sangreal treasure describe it as being carried in four enormous trunks. In those trunks are reputed to be the Purist Documents †thousands of pages of unaltered, pre-Constantine documents, written by the early followers of Jesus, revering Him as a wholly human instructor and prophet. Also rumored to be part of the treasure is the fabled â€Å"Q” Documents †a manuscript that even the Vatican admits they believe exists. Allegedly, it is a book of Jesus’ teachings, possibly written in His own hand. † Sophie was silent for a long moment. And these four chests of documents were the treasure that the Knights Templar found under Solomon’s Temple? ” â€Å"Exactly. The documents that made the Knights so powerful. The documents that have been the object of countless Grail quests throughout history. ” {Emphasis added} â€Å"But you said the Holy Grail was Mary Magdalene. If people are searching for documents, why would you call it a search for the Holy Grail? ” Teabing eyed her, his expression softening. â€Å"Because the hiding place of the Holy Grail includes a sarcophagus. ” The quest for the Holy Grail is literally the quest to kneel before the bones of Mary Magdalene. A journey to pray at the feet of the outcast one, the lost sacred feminine. ” Page 278 Sophie felt an unexpected wonder.â€Å"The hiding place of the Holy Grail is actually … a tomb? ” Teabing’s hazel eyes got misty. â€Å"It is. A tomb containing the bod y of Mary Magdalene and the documents that tell the true story of her life. At its heart, the quest for the Holy Grail has always been a quest for Magdalene †the wronged Queen, entombed with the proof of her family’s rightful claim to power. {Emphasis added} Page 279 â€Å"… {Godefroi de Bouillon, descendant in the Merovingian bloodline and founder of the Priory of Sion} ordered the Knights Templar to recover the Sangreal documents from beneath Solomon’s Temple and thus provide the Merovingians proof of their hereditary ties to Jesus Christ [through Christ’s marriage to and subsequent children with Mary Magdalene]. Pages 328 †329 An ancient word of wisdom frees this scroll … and helps us keep her scatter’d family whole … a mainstay praised by templars is the key … and atbash will reveal the truth to thee. This poem,” Teabing gushed, â€Å"references not only the Grail, but the Knights Templar and scattered family of Mary Magdalene! What more could we ask for? ” Page 366 â€Å"Robert, for heaven’s sake! The church built in London by the Priory’s military arm †the Knights Templar themselves! ” â€Å"The Temple Church? ” Once the epicenter of all Templar/Priory activities in the United Kingdom, the Temple Church had been so named in honor of Solomon’s Temple, from which the Knights Templar had extracted theirs own title, as well as the Sangreal documents that gave them all their influence in Rome.Tales abounded of knights execute strange, secretive rituals within the Temple Church’s unusual sanctuary. Page 375 â€Å"The Knights Templar were warriors,” Teabing reminded … â€Å"A religio-military society. Their churches were their strongholds and their banks. ” â€Å"Banks? ” Sophie asked, glancing at Leigh. â€Å"Heavens, yes. The Templars invented the concept of modern banking. For European nobility, traveling wi th gold was perilous, so the Templars allowed nobles to deposit gold in their nearest Temple Church and the draw it from any other Temple Church across Europe. All they needed was proper documentation. ” Alanus Marcel”, Teabing said, â€Å"The master of the Temple in the early twelve hundreds. He and his successors actually held the Parliamentary chair of Primus Baro Angiae. ” Langdon was surprised. â€Å"First Baron of the Realm? ” Teabing nodded.â€Å"The Master of the Temple, some claim, held more influence than the king himself. ” {Emphasis added} â€Å"You know,” Teabing whispered to Sophie, â€Å"the Holy Grail is said to once have been stored in this church overnight while the Templars locomote it from one hiding place to another. Can you intend the four chests of Sangreal documents sitting right here with Mary Magdalene’s sarcophagus? Pages 466 †467 The Knights Templar had designed Rosslyn Chapel as an exact architectur al blueprint of Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem †compete with a west wall, a narrow rectangular sanctuary, and a subterranean burial vault like the Holy of Holies, in which the original nine knights had first unearthed their priceless treasure. Langdon had to admit, there existed an intriguing correspondence in the idea of the Templars building a modern Grail repository that echoed of the Grail’s original hiding place.\r\n'